The fire is the most misunderstood part of the WTC collapse. Even today, the media report (and many scientists believe) that the steel melted. It is argued that the jet fuel burns very hot, especially with so much fuel present. This is not true.... The temperature of the fire at the WTC was not unusual, and it was most definitely not capable of melting steel. In combustion science, there are three basic types of flames, namely, a jet burner, a pre-mixed flame, and a diffuse flame.... In a diffuse flame, the fuel and the oxidant are not mixed before ignition, but flow together in an uncontrolled manner and combust when the fuel/oxidant ratios reach values within the flammable range. A fireplace is a diffuse flame burning in air, as was the WTC fire. Diffuse flames generate the lowest heat intensities of the three flame types... The maximum flame temperature increase for burning hydrocarbons (jet fuel) in air is, thus, about 1000 °C -- hardly sufficient to melt steel at 1500 °C. NIST could not recreate even close to 1000* in a controlled situation to recreate the fires. See my NIST burn videos for more details. It is very difficult to reach this maximum temperature with a diffuse flame. If the fire is poorly combusted it is impossible. There is nothing to ensure that the fuel and air in a diffuse flame are mixed in the best ratio... This is why the temperatures in a residential fire are usually in the 500 °C to 650 °C range. It is known that the WTC fire was a fuel-rich, diffuse flame as evidenced by the copious black smoke." NIST provides a maximum gas temperature due to WTC fires of 1,000 °C: In no instance did NIST report that steel in the WTC towers melted due to the fires. The phase change of steel is 1300* and melting point of steel is about 2,800* Fahrenheit. Normal building fires and hydrocarbon (e.g., jet fuel) fires generate temperatures well below 1,000 degrees Celsius. NIST reported maximum upper layer air temperatures of about 1,000 degrees Celsius (1,800 degrees Fahrenheit) in the WTC towers (for example, see NCSTAR 1, figure 6-36).
Based on this comprehensive investigation, NIST concluded that the WTC towers collapsed because: (1) the impact of the planes severed and damaged support columns, dislodged fireproofing insulation coating the steel floor trusses and steel columns, and widely dispersed jet fuel over multiple floors; and (2) the subsequent unusually large jet-fuel ignited multi-floor fires (which reached temperatures as high as 1,000 degrees Celsius) significantly weakened the floors and columns with dislodged fireproofing to the point where floors sagged and pulled inward on the perimeter columns. In actual metallurgical analyses of WTC steel, NIST reports: These [steel] microstructures show no evidence of exposure to temperatures above 600°C for any significant time. In a report entitled "Fire Safety in High-rise Buildings, Lessons Learned from the WTC," a team of fire experts notes:
Standard structural fire testing exposes elements to about 900 °C in 1 hour and up to 1,100 °C by 4 hours. The expectation of these standard tests could well be defined as providing a worst-case fire scenario.
All of these estimates for the WTC fires (including burning jet fuel) put the temperature well below the melting point of steel, about 1,500 °C. In fact, the non-melting of WTC steel is emphasized by NIST -- but they fail to address the presence of large numbers of iron-rich spherules in the dust published in USGS and other reports before the NIST study was published in October 2006.
Maximum Gas Temperature Reached in WTC Fires
Analysis °C °F
Thomas Eager analysis 1,000 1,832
NIST analysis 1,000 1,832
Torero, Quintiere, Steinhaus 1,100 2,012
@rsnboy08 LOLO in Bizarro land physics do not work on one day "9/11/2001" in the history of the world! I love when sheep call me crazy for being logical!
Oceanno69 1 year ago 4
How could the fire melt steel when it could'nt even burn hijackers passports?
RunninQHsRock 8 months ago