When the science of genetics came, around 100 years after Darwin's "Origin of Species", the theory of Natural Selection was put to the test. Genetics required an explanation: if common descent of humans and the great apes is true, why do humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes and the great apes 24?
The mystery chromosome was found in human chromosome #2 - and evidence of its fusion from 2 to a single chromosome.
This excerpt is from the documentary 'Intelligent Design on Trial' on the case of Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District
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