A linear actuator using traveling waves generated by enclosed piezoelectric elements. The elements are clamped within the structure through precisely designed assembly techniques obviating the need for epoxy bonds and permitting superior coupling of the elements to the structure. By combining ultrasonic and DC bias operation, sub-nm displacement accuracies have been obtained with this actuator. Despite the unusual shape, analysis and the experimental work showed it is indeed possible to obtain traveling wave motion in such a structure.
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