Aeroplane, heavier-than-air craft that is usually propelled mechanically and supported by the aerodynamic action of the airstream on fixed-wing surfaces. Other types of aircraft that are heavier than air include the glider or sailplane, which is similarly equipped with fixed-wing surfaces but is not self-propelled, and rotary-wing aircraft, which are mechanically driven and supported by overhead rotors, such as the Autogiro and Helicopters. Another type is the ornithopter, which is lifted and propelled by flapping wings. Toy-sized ornithopters have been developed, but large-scale experiments have been unsuccessful. For the history of heavier-than-air craft, see Aviation.
The term "aeroplane" generally denotes craft operated from land bases, but it applies also to several other categories of aircraft, including the carrier-based plane, the seaplane, and the amphibian. The principal variation in configuration can be found in the landing apparatus. The carrier-based plane is a type of land plane designed for use on an aircraft carrier, and is fitted with a tail hook that engages a cable stretched across the deck to arrest the plane after landing. The seaplane employs floats instead of the wheel gear of the land plane. In the variety of seaplane known as the flying boat, the fuselage is constructed as a hull, similar to that of a seagoing vessel, and serves to keep the plane buoyant. The amphibian is equipped with both wheel gear and hull or floats to permit operation with equal effectiveness on land and water.
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