Bellow on page 121 he talks about the Lunda empire and other sources of slaves far into the interior. It is a fact that the slave trade was wreaking havoc on places where Europeans had not much contact. On page 122 he talks about exports from Allada which were gained both through slave raids and purchasing people in markets in the interior. I'm showing this to confirm what William Pitt said about the effects on the far interior
"Africa and Africans in the making of the Atlantic world, 1400-1800" By John Kelly Thornton
http://books.google.com/books?id=AVZDHeVEeywC&pg=PA121&dq=#v=onepage&...
BBC the story of Africa
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/12chapter1.shtml
EFFECTS OF ZULU EXPANSION
•The Ngwane moved northwards in response to form the Swazi kingdom.
•The Ndwandwe also went north to establish the Gaza kingdom.
•The Ndebele moved in 1840 to what is now south western Zimbabwe.
MFECANE 1817-1828
More destruction was caused by those whom Shaka defeated, than by his own forces. Such was the case of the Hlubi and the Ngwane. Bereft of all social order, these refugees took to looting and pillaging wherever they went. They reduced the landscape in the Natal and much of the Orange Free State into a wasteland. This period of change became known as the Mfecane, which is said to derive originally from a Zulu word meaning "crushing". For the past ten years the word and ideas behind it have aroused much debate and argument.
Many South African historians now believe that Europeans, and slave traders in particular, played a much larger part in upheaval in the region in the first quarter of the 19th century than was previously thought, and that too much emphasis has been put on Shaka's impact."
William Pitt, The Younger. 1759-1806.
352. From His Speech On The Abolition Op The Slave-trade . April 2, 1792.
http://books.google.com/books?id=_SoQAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA452&dq=#v=onep...
"You have carried on a trade to that quarter of the globe from this civilized and enlightened country but such a trade, that, instead of diffusing either knowledge or wealth, it has been the check to every laudable pursuit. Instead of any fair interchange of commodities; instead of conveying to them, from this highly favored land, any means of improvement; you carry with you that noxious plant by which everything is withered and blasted; under whose shade nothing that is useful or profitable to Africa will ever flourish or take root. Long as that continent has been known to navigators, the extreme line and boundaries of its coasts is all with which Europe is yet become acquainted; while other countries in the same parallel of latitude, through a happier system of intercourse, have reaped the blessings of a mutually beneficial commerce. But as to the whole interior of that continent you are, by your own principles of commerce, as yet entirely shut out: Africa is known to you only in its skirts. Yet here you are able to infuse a poison that spreads its contagious effects from one end of it to the other, which penetrates to its very center, corrupting every part to which it reaches. You there subvert the whole order of nature; you aggravate every natural barbarity, and furnish to every man living on that continent motives for committing, under the name and pretext of commerce, acts of perpetual violence and perfidy"
Perey Noble
http://books.google.com/books?id=pSMbAAAAYAAJ&dq=perry%20noble&pg=PA1...
"During our century Muslim or pagan powers arose in Ashanti, Dahome, Kazembe, Lunda, Muata=Yanvo, Sahara, Senegambia, Sudan, Tabililand, Uganda, Upper Zambezia, Zanguebar and Zululand. These aided the development of Africa, influenced its relations with Europe and participated in preparing it for missions. Of the thirteen native states only three were not Negro powers, only four were not pagan. These (omitting the Mahdists) were the Arabs of Senusi and from Zanzibar and the Fulah of Senegambia and West Sudan. The Fulah and the Zanzibari have become quite Nigritic, and the ruling native race of Central and East Sudan belongs to the Negro. The black man instead of the Arab and the Berber has enabled Europe, seconded by America, to open Africa*....
Footnote:
•Speke, 1855, said: "The freed Negro contributed more than any one else to open Africa '. It is a source of regret to the present writer that the Procrustean lack of space prevents him from doing justice to the brawn and faithfulness of the Africans who in exploring and other enterprises have enabled brave and brainy white men to develop Africa. He hopes that some American Negro will work out this thesis.
Zanguebar until 1884 remained a self=governing sultanate, its sovereign ruling in 1861 from Mukhdisho to Cape Delgado and his influence extending to Lake Tanganika, five hundred miles west. British influence was supreme, British subjects among Zanzibari slave=dealers"
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Slave History of Charlestonby ETVRoadShow13,140 views
What I hope is that things are not blown out of proportion by SA historians(I see that so much with activist historians all over the world) and that responsabilties are put in the right places. The reason I say this and insist on north africa is that lessons won't be learned and problems not solved if real reasons are not pointed out
congobigp 2 years ago
I agree to some extent with you on this one. Shaka has been painted by apartheid SA out to be a monster, sole responsable for that tragedy. He wasn't angel and would surely by todays standards be trialed for crimes against humanity but the casualties of the mfecane could have been caused by drought as well as some demands on the MOzambic coast.
congobigp 2 years ago