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Name: Spain
Age: 29
Cádiz: 1st European city
Tartessos: 1st European Civilization
Spain (Hispania): most important province of the Roman Empire Trajan Hadrian
Seneca
Visigoths: St Isidoro de Sevilla
Spain expelled Moors from Europe:
Reconquista: 711-1492
Covadonga 722; Fernán González; El Cid; Navas de Tolosa 1212; Granada 1492
ALFONSO X EL SABIO
RAMÓN LLULL
During the 16 17 18 19 c. Spain would war constantly with Ottoman Turkish Empire and muslim berbers in the Mediterranean
Cefalonia 1500
Oran 1509
Algiers 1510
Túnez 1535
CASTELNUOVO 1539
Vélez de la Gomera 1564
Malta 1565
Lepanto 1571
Tangiers 1580
Cape Celidonio 1616
etc
García de Toledo
Duke of Alba
Don Juan de Austria
Alvaro de Bazán
Continuing the EMPIRE OF THE CROWN OF ARAGON (see: ALMOGÁVARES) -removing Normans in Sicily 1282 and conquering Greece- the Spanish Empire was 1 of the largest empires in history and the 1st GLOBAL empire in 5 continents:
Europe: parts of Germany and France
Holland Belgium Luxembourg Milan Naples Sicily Sardinia Portugal
Africa
Asia
Oceania
and America: Buenos Aires to Alaska
ruled from Madrid (population of Spain: 6 millions)
From 1492 to 1898 the Sun never set on the Spanish Empire
After Rome Spain is the greatest building force in History
Colonial arquitecture (Hospitals Cathedrals Universities Roads Palaces Printing Presses) in America Oceania Asia
In the 15 16th c. Spain was with Portugal the vanguard of European global discoveries
Spain opened trade routes across the oceans between Europe Asia America Oceania
Due to Spanish missionaries the Philippines is a Christian nation in Asia
Legazpi
Urdaneta
St Francisco Javier
Juan de la Cosa´s world map, Mappa Mundi of 1500: oldest known European cartographic representation of the New World
Elcano: 1st man to circumnavegate the globe
Nunez de Balboa(1st European at Pacific Ocean)
Cabeza de Vaca
Coronado
Hernando de Soto
500 soldiers led by Cortés toppled the Aztec Empire
160 led by Pizarro, the Inca Empire
Spanish missionaries ended massive human sacrifice rituals by Aztecs Incas
From 1492 to 1643 Spanish Empire was the foremost global power dominating the oceans & ruling the European battlefield with its infantry: Tercios
Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
Battles: Seminara Garigliano Cerignola (1503) Gaeta (1504) Fuenterrabía (1521-1524) Bicoca (1522) San Marcial (1522) Sesia (1524) Pavía(1525) Muros (1543) Siege of Niza (1543) Serravalle (1544) Mühlberg (1547) Marciano (or Battle of Scannagallo) (1554) San Quintin (1556) Gravelinas (1558) Gemmingen (1568) Jodoigne (1568) San Juan de Ulúa (1568) Amberes (1576) Gembloux (1578) Alcantara (1580) Isla Terceira Punta Delgada (1582) A Coruña (1589) England (1595) Azores (1597) Ostende (1604)Fleurus (1622) Breda (1625) Tuttlingen (1625) Nördlingen (1634) Campaigne in France (1636) Siege of Salses (1639-40) Honnecourt (1642) Tüttlingen (1643) Tortosa (1650) Valenciennes (1656)
The Spanish Road connected Milan and Brussels
Cultural Golden Age:
La Celestina Picaresque Novel CERVANTES
Góngora Quevedo Gracián
Mystics: St Teresa St John of the Cross
St Ignacius Jesuit Order
Playwrights: Lope Tirso Calderón
Music: Cabezón, Luis de Narváez, Luis de Milán, Tomás Luis de Victoria, Alonso Lobo, Gaspar Sanz
Painting: VELÁZQUEZ etc
Arquitecture: Herrera, Gómez de Mora
Science: Juan Huarte, Servet
In 15 16 17 18, early 19 c. the Spanish Empire maintained world´s largest territory
Confronted by the experiences of Empire-building Spain´s thinkers formulated 1st modern ideas on:
biology: José de Acosta
anthropology: Vives
natural law: Suárez
etnology: Bernardino de Sahagún
sovereignty: Suárez, Mariana
international law: Francisco de Vitoria
war: Vitoria
and economics: Mariana, Soto
Even questioning the legitimacy of imperialism
SCHOOL OF SALAMANCA
1st Human Rights Debate in History
Spain's European Empire was not undone till 1713
Paradoxically Spain's fortunes improved:
Blas de Lezo: Battle of Cartagena, 1741
Bernardo Gálvez: USA Independence
Malaspina Expedition
Balmis Expedition: 1st Sanitary Expedition in History
Goya
Ventura Rodriguez
Juan de Villanueva: Prado Museum
Spain maintained its overseas empire until 19th c
Spain, major force in the defeat of Napoleon
1st occupied nation to rebel
Battle of Bailén (1808): 1st major defeat of the Grand Armée
Guerrillas
Battle of Tetuán 1859
Spain retained fragments of its Empire
in the Caribbean; Asia (Philippines)
and Oceania: Guam Micronesia Palau and Northern Marianas
until 1898
Spain had a 2nd cultural Golden Age from 1898 to the Spanish Civil War -most written about war in history
Painting: Many
Literature: Many
Sculpture: Gargallo, Julio González etc
Philosophy: Santayana Unamuno Ortega
Film: Buñuel etc
Arquitecture: Domènech i Montaner, Gaudí etc
Music: Mompou Falla Granados Tárrega Turina Albéniz, Joaquín Rodrigo
Medicine: Ramón y Cajal, Severo Ochoa
City: Columella, De Re Rustica
Country: Spain
Interests and Hobbies: The CROWN OF ARAGÓN was a permanent union of multiple titles and states in the hands of the King of Aragon.
At the height of its power by the 14th and 15th centuries, the Crown of Aragon was a thalassocracy controlling a large portion of the present-day eastern Spain, Southeastern France, as well as some of the major islands and mainland possessions stretching across the Mediterranean Sea as far as Greece.
SPANISH EMPIRE TERRITORIES:
(A NOTE ON EMPIRE SIZE:
Wiki includes Charles III´s Empire not Philip II´s, wich included under Spain (see Battle of Alcantara, 1580) the Portuguese Empire, from 1580 to 1668. They call it Iberian Union. Its name was SPANISH UNIVERSAL MONARCHY, never Iberian Union. And Spain had possesions in Europe; Brits in Africa.
And the mongolians only in 1 continent: Spain in 5.)
During its Siglo de Oro, the Spanish Empire had possession of the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Italy, parts of Germany, parts of France, and many colonies in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. With the conquest of inland Mexico, Peru, and the Philippines in the 16th century, Spain established overseas dominions on a scale and world distribution that had never been approached by its predecessors (the Mongol Empire was restricted to Eurasia). Possessions in Europe, Africa, the Atlantic Ocean, the Americas, the Pacific Ocean, and the Far East.
-EUROPE:
-Spain of course
-Balearic Islands
-Kingdom of Naples
(Naples,Sicily,Sardinia and Malta(this last donated to the order of knights of St.John(Hospital order).
-Low countries(Belgium,Luxemburg,Ho lland,Flanders)
-Kingdom of Portugal(until 1640).
-Parts of France and Germany.
-AFRICA:
Mazagán,Larache,Tetuan,Casabla nca,Cazaza,mazalquivir,Orán,Ar gel,Bugia,Tripoli,Tunis,La mamora,Tánger,Mazagán,Spanish Guinea(until 1968), Ifni(until 1969),Spanish Sahara(until 1975), Spanish protectorate of Morocco(until 1956), Cabo Juby(until 1958),
Ceuta,Melilla,Canary islands,Chafarinas islands,Peñon de Alhucemas,Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera,Perejil island and Alborán island.
-ASIA:
Filipinas(until 1898)
Cambodia
Taiwan
new guinea and Borneo
Ternate and Tidore(Indonesia)
Macao(until the independence of Portugal from Spain in 1640)
Nagasaki(Japan)
Malaca(Malaysia).
-AMERICA:
VICEROYALTY OF NEW SPAIN:
México,California,New México,Arizona,Texas,Nevada,Florida,Utah and part of Colorado,Wyoming,Kansas and Oklahoma.
GENERAL CAPTAINCY OF GUATEMALA:
Guatemala,El salvador,Nicaragua,Honduras,Co sta Rica and the mexican state of Chiapas.
LUISIANA:
Donated by France for Spain.Includes:Luisiana,Arkans as,Oklahoma,Kansas,Nebraska,so uth Dakota,North Dakota,Wyoming,Montana,Idaho,
Minnesota and Iowa.
NOOTKA TERRITORY:
Oregon,Idaho,Montana,Washingto n,part of south Alaska and Britanic Columbia.
VICEROYALTY OF NEW GRANADA:
Panamá,Colombia and middle part of Ecuador.
GENERAL CAPTAINCY OF VENEZUELA:
Venezuela.
VICEROYALTY OF PERÚ:
Perú,Bolivia,the second middle part of Ecuador,North of Chile and territories in Brasil.
VICEROYALTY OF RIO DE LA PLATA(RIVER PLATE):
Argentina,Paraguay,Uruguay,part of Brasil and Malvinas Islands.
GENERAL CAPTAINCY OF CHILE:
Chile and Patagonia region.
GENERAL CAPTAINCY OF CUBA:
Cuba,Puerto Rico,Dominican republic,Bahamas,Antigua y Barbuda,Trinidad and Tobago,Granada,Jamaica,San Cristobal and Nevis,Dominica,Barbados and Santa Lucía.
-OCEANIA:
Guam, Carolinas, Marianas and Palaos islands.
The SPANISH ROAD was a military supply/trade route used from 15671620, which stretched from Northern Italy to the Low Countries. It crossed through relatively neutral territory, and was therefore Europe's most preferred military route. In the days of its use it was also known as LE CHEMIN DES ESPAGNOLS
Movies and Shows: MOST IMPORTANT PAINTING MUSEUM: PRADO
-WORLD´S MOST INFLUENTIAL PAINTER: VELÁZQUEZ-LAS MENINAS: The World's Best Painting
-Pope Innocent X and Juan de Parej for PORTRAIT
-The Surrender at Breda for HISTORY
-The Rokeby Venus& Bacchus (Los Borrachos); The -Forge of Vulcan;The Fable of Arachne for CLASSICAL MYTHOLOGY
-The Water Seller of Seville; Old Woman Cooking Eggs; for STILL LIFE .
LIST OF UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES IN SPAIN
Alhambra, Generalife and Albayzín, Granada
Burgos Cathedral
Historic Centre of Cordoba
Monastery and Site of the Escurial, Madrid
Works of Antoni Gaudí
Altamira Cave
Monuments of Oviedo and the Kingdom of the Asturias
Old Town of Ávila with its Extra-Muros Churches
Old Town of Segovia and its Aqueduct
Santiago de Compostela (Old Town)
Garajonay National Park
Historic City of Toledo
Mudejar Architecture of Aragon
Old Town of Cáceres
Cathedral, Alcázar and Archivo de Indias in Seville
Old City of Salamanca
Poblet Monastery
Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida
Route of Santiago de Compostela
Royal Monastery of Santa María de Guadalupe
Doñana National Park
Historic Walled Town of Cuenca
La Lonja de la Seda de Valencia
Las Médulas
Palau de la Música Catalana and Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona
Pyrénées - Mont Perdu
San Millán Yuso and Suso Monasteries
Rock Art of the Mediterranean Basin on the Iberian Peninsula
University and Historic Precinct of Alcalá de Henares
Ibiza, Biodiversity and Culture
San Cristóbal de La Laguna
Archaeological Ensemble of Tárraco
Archaeological Site of Atapuerca
Catalan Romanesque Churches of the Vall de Boí
Palmeral of Elche
Roman Walls of Lugo
Aranjuez Cultural Landscape
Renaissance Monumental Ensembles of Úbeda and Baeza
Vizcaya Bridge
Teide National Park
SPAIN´S COLONIAL ARQUITECTURE BUILT AROUND THE WORLD.
COLONIAL ARQUITECTURE AND CITIES CONSIDERED WORLD HERITAGE SITES BY UNESCO BUILT BY SPANIARDS:
-Jesuit Missions all over Argentina
-Córdoba (Argentina)
-Potosí (Bolivia)
-Sucre (Bolivia)
-Jesuit mission of Chapitas (Chile)
-Churches of Chiloe(Chile)
-Seaport of Valparaíso (Chile)
-Santa cruz of Mompox (Colombia)
-Cartagena de Indias (Colombia)
-Old colonial cities of Cienfuegos, Santiago, La Habana (Cuba)
-Colonial city of Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic)
-Quito(Ecuador)
-Old colonial city of Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic)
-Quito and Santa Ana de los Ríos de la Cuenca (Ecuador)
-Antigua Guatemala
-MEXICO:
-Historic Centre of Mexico City and Xochimilco
-Historic Centre of Oaxaca and Archaeological -Site of Monte Albán
-Historic Centre of Puebla
-Historic Town of Guanajuato and Adjacent Mines
-Historic Centre of Morelia
-Historic Centre of Zacatecas
-Paintings of the Sierra de San Francisco
-Earliest 16th-Century Monasteries on the Slopes of Popocatepetl
-Historic Monuments Zone of Querétaro
-Hospicio Cabañas, Guadalajara
-Archeological Zone of Paquimé, Casas Grandes
-Historic Monuments Zone of Tlacotalpan
-Archaeological Monuments Zone of Xochicalco
-Historic Fortified Town of Campeche
-Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro
-Luis Barragán House and Studio
-Facilities of Tequila
-Central University City Campus of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
SPAIN´S ARQUITECTURE IN PANAMÁ (UNESCO):
-Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama: Portobelo-San Lorenzo
-Archaeological Site of Panamá Viejo and Historic District of Panamá
PARAGUAY:
-Jesuit Missions of La Santísima Trinidad de Paraná and Jesús de Tavarangue
PERÚ:
-City of Cuzco
-Historic Centre of Lima
-Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca and Pampas de Jumana
-Historical Centre of the City of Arequipa
SPAIN´S ARQUITECTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES (UNESCO):
-Baroque Churches of the Philippines
-Historic Town of Vigan
SPAIN´S ARQUITECTURE IN URUGUAY (UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES):
- Historic Quarter of the City of Colonia del Sacramento
VENEZUELA
-Coro and its Port
-Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas
Music: SOME SPANISH DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS, AND CULTURAL, POLITICAL AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS:
-The Spanish PARLIAMENT of the Kingdom of León (1188) was the first sample of modern parliamentarism in Western Europe's History. (wiki). Liberal as a political concept was 1st used in the Courts of Cádiz (1812).
-RAMÓN LLULL, pioneer of computation theory.
Some computer scientists have adopted Llull as a founding father, claiming that his system of logic was the beginning of INFORMATION SCIENCE.
Recently surfaced manuscripts show him to have anticipated by several centuries prominent work on ELECTIONS THEORY.
With the 2001 discovery of his lost manuscripts Ars notandi, Ars eleccionis, and Alia ars eleccionis, Llull is given credit for discovering the BORDA COUNT and CONDORCET CRITERION, which Jean-Charles de Borda and Marquis de Condorcet independently discovered centuries later.
Llull wrote the romantic novel Blanquerna, THE FIRST EUROPEAN NOVEL. (wiki)
-1st WORLD GLOBAL CURRENCY: THE SPANISH DOLLAR $
Spanish dollar: 17th-19th centuries
In the 17th and 18th century, the use of silver Spanish dollars or pieces of eight spread from the Spanish territories in the Americas westwards to Asia and eastwards to Europe forming the first ever worldwide currency. Spain's political supremacy on the world stage, the importance of Spanish commercial routes across the Atlantic and the Pacific, and the coin's quality and purity of silver helped it become internationally accepted for over two centuries. It was legal tender in Spain's Pacific territories of the Philippines, Micronesia, Guam and the Caroline Islands and later in China and other Southeast Asian countries until the mid 19th century. In the Americas it was legal tender in all of South and Central America (except Brazil) as well as in the U.S. and Canada until the mid-19th century.
In Europe the Spanish dollar was legal tender in the Iberian Peninsula, in most of Italy including: Milan, the Kingdom of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia, as well as in the Franche-Comté (France), and in the Spanish Netherlands. It was also used in other European states including the Austrian Habsburg territories. (English wiki)
- the discovery of a maritime path from the Far East to America (URDANETA´S ROUTE).
-1st Grammar of a modern European Language: Nebrija (1492)
-INTERNATIONAL LAW: Leyes de Burgos (LAWS OF BURGOS ) promulgated on December 27, 1512 in Burgos, Spain.
- MOST INFLUENTIAL WORK OF FICTION: DON QUIXOTE
-GUITAR(made from the medieval vihuela).
-The GALLEON (the most advanced navy in the XV, XVI, XVII cents).
-World research in CARTOGRAPHY and COSMOGRAPHY in the XVI and XVII cents. (Map of Juan de la Cosa)
- Juan Huarte de San Juan (c. 1530-1592), Spanish physician and psychologist. Examen de ingenios para las ciencias (1575) won him a wide European reputation, and was translated by Lessing.It is the 1st attempt to show the connection between psychology and PHYSIOLOGY. During the 16th, 17th and 18th century, the Examen was translated into 6 European languages.
-Pedro Ponce de Leon (1520 — 1584), Spanish Benedictine monk, was the FIRST TEACHER FOR THE DEAF
De Leon's work with the deaf was considered bold by contemporaries, as the prevailing opinion among most Europeans in the 1500s was that the deaf were incapable of being educated.
--ARQUEBUS(Arcabuz),afterwards: the Mosquet.
-CIRCULATION OF BLOOD (Miguel Servet)
-Francisco Hernández(1514) 1st Scientific study of AMERICAN NATURE.
-Foundation of modern BIOLOGY: José de Acosta´s (1540-1600): Historia Natural y Moral de las Indias. (The 1st formulation of Darwin´s theory)
-PLATINUM (Antonio Ulloa)
-Isaac Peral (1851 -- 1895) was a Spanish scientist, sailor and inventor of the PERAL SUBMARINE (built 1884, launched 1888). Intended for military use, this submarine pioneered new designs in the hull, control systems and air systems, proving a success in two years of trials. Its ability to fire torpedoes under water while maintaining full propulsive power and control has led some to call it the first U-boat.
-HELICOPTER (De la Cierva)
-The TALGO train.
-The TELEKINO: Radio-control systems today (Leonardo Torres Quevedo). The Telekino (1903)consisted of a robot that executed commands transmitted by electromagnetic waves. It constituted the world's first apparatus for RADIO CONTROL and was a pioneer in the field of remote control.
-CABLE CARS (Leonardo Torres Quevedo)
-The DIGITAL CALCULATOR (Leonardo Torres Quevedo).
-Analogue calculating machines (Leonardo Torres Quevedo)
-DIRIGIBLE (Leonardo Torres Quevedo)
-BAROCICLOMETER NEFOSCOPY AND MICROSISMOGRAPH (for the measure of weather, thyphoons and hurricanes)
-Ramón y Cajal: discoverer of the central nervous system and founder of HYSTOLOGY
-Severo Ochoa: synthesis of RNA.
-Francisco Grande Covián: father of MODERN DIETETICS.
-José Calbet Benach: INDIBA
SEE: JOSÉ MARÍA LÓPEZ PIÑERO, DICCIONARIO HISTÓRICO DE LA CIENCIA MODERNA EN ESPAÑA.
Books: SOME NOTABLE QUOTES ON SPAIN:
According to the English Historian BEDE THE VENERABLE (675-755), Europe is made up essentially of ITALY GALIA GERMANY SPAIN
The claim of GOTHIC ORIGINS led to a clash with the Swedish delegation at the COUNCIL OF BASIL, 1434. Before the assembled cardinals and delegations could undertake the theological discussions, they had to decide how to sit during the proceedings. The delegations from the more prominent nations were to sit closest to the Pope, and there were also disputes about who was to have the finest chairs and who was to have their chairs on mats. In some cases they compromised so that some would have half a chair leg on the rim of a mat. In this conflict, the bishop of Växjö, Nicolaus Ragvaldi claimed that the Swedes were the descendants of the great Goths, and that the people of Västergötland (Westrogothia in Latin) were the Visigoths and the people of Östergötland (Ostrogothia in Latin) were the Ostrogoths. The Spanish delegation then retorted that it was only the lazy and unenterprising Goths who had remained in Sweden, whereas the HEROIC GOTHS, on the other hand, had left Sweden, invaded the Roman empire and settled in SPAIN. CHARLES V (1500-1558), KING OF SPAIN (CHARLES I) AND HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR:
I speak Spanish to God, Italian to women, French to men and German to my horse.
KING FRANCIS I OF FRANCE: Spain, only for the armed men.
PIZARRO had fewer soldiers than George Armstrong Custer did at the Battle of the Little Big Horn, while the Incas commanded forty times as many soldiers as Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull did.(English Wiki)
BALISE DE VIGENÉRE, french writer (1602): As for the Spaniards, one cannot deny that they are the best soldiers in the world.
PIERRE DE BOURDIELLE (1540 - 1614), señor de Brantôlome, tan patriota francés como admirador de las proezas hispanas, comenta en su famosa obra Gentilezas y bravuconadas de los españoles:
Vemos cómo los soldados españoles se han atribuido siempre la gloria de ser los mejores entre todas las naciones. Y, por cierto, no les falta base par tal opinión y confianza porque a sus palabras las han acompañado los hechos. [...]
CARDENAL RICHELIEU TO LOUIS XIII, MAY 1624: One cannot doubt that the Spaniards aspire to universal domination, and that the sole obstacles which they have encountered up to the present are the distance between their dominions and their shortage of men.
For 150 YEARS, the SPANISH EMPIRE dominated the oceans with its experienced navy and ruled the European battlefield with its fearsome and well trained infantry, the famous tercios, and in the words of the prominent French historian Pierre Vilar, enacting THE MOST EXTRAORDINARY EPIC IN HUMAN HISTORY (English Wiki).
JOSEPH NAPOLÉON-BONAPARTE: "They don´t know this nation, (Spain), which is like a lion: treated rationally it could be led by a thread of silk, but not even a million soldiers could crush her (Spain) with military might alone..." (Letter August 21, 1810) ( Ils ne connaissent pas cette nation (Espagne), qui est semblable à un lion : traitée de manière rationnelle il serait laissé conduire par un fil de soie, mais ni un million de soldats pourraient la soumettre et l'écraser avec tout son pouvoir militaire (Lettre à la reine Julie, 21 août de de 1810) )
WASHINGTON IRVING: "I have never known finer people than the common people of Spain. Shrewd, sententious, proud, courteous (and desinterested), and full of fire and courage" (Letter, May 7, 1827).
T. CARLYLE: What countries produced Columbus and Las Casas? Or, descending from virtue and heroism to mere energy and spiritual talent: Cortes, Pizarro, Alba, Ximenes? The Spaniards of the sixteenth century were indisputably the noblest nation of Europe (The Sign of the Times, 1829).
G.K. CHESTERTON: LEPANTO (1915):
Vivat Hispania!
Domino Gloria!
Don John of Austria
Has set his people free!
Cervantes on his galley sets the sword back in the sheath
(Don John of Austria rides homeward with a wreath.)
And he sees across a weary land a straggling road in Spain,
Up which a lean and foolish knight forever rides in vain...
Don John of Austria rides home from the Crusade.
OSWALD SPENGLER:Western culture, in its period of maturity, was a totally French product emerged from Spain. (The Decline of the West, New York, 1922, I, p. 150).
GEORGE ORWELL: A Spaniard´s generosity, in the ordinary sense of the word, is at times almost embarrasing. If you ask him for a cigarrete, he will force the whole pack upon you...They have, there is no doubt, a generosity, a species of nobility, that do not really belong to the XX cent (Hommage to Catalonia, 1938).
GERALD BRENAN: Spaniards are the most humane people in Europe (The Spanish Labyrinth, 1943).
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