shark attack
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tedbunker&tedbuddy
A shark attack is an attack on a human by a s
shark attack
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tedbunker&tedbuddy
A shark attack is an attack on a human by a shark. Every year, a number of people are attacked by sharks, although most survive. Despite the relative rarity of shark attacks, the fear of sharks is a common phenomenon, having been fueled by the occasional instances of attacks, such as the Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916, and by sensationalized fiction and film, such as the Jaws series. Many shark experts feel that the danger presented by sharks has been exaggerated, and even the creator of the Jaws phenomenon, the late Peter Benchley, attempted to dispel the myth of sharks being man-eating monsters in recent years.
Statistics
In 2000, there were 79 shark attacks reported worldwide, 11 of them fatal. In 2005 and 2006 this number dropped to 61 and 62 respectively, while the number of fatalities dropped to only four per year. Of these attacks, the majority occurred in the United States (53 in 2000, 40 in 2005 and 38 in 2006). [1] For the same period, the Global Shark Attack File records 69 unprovoked attacks of which five were fatal.[2]
The Florida Museum of Natural History points out that these numbers should be compared with the much higher deaths from other, less feared causes; for example, several hundred people die annually from lightning strikes.[3]
[edit]Species involved in incidents
Contrary to popular belief, only a few sharks are dangerous to humans. Out of more than 360 species, only four have been involved in a significant number of fatal unprovoked attacks on humans: the great white, tiger, oceanic whitetip shark[4] and bull sharks.[5] These sharks, being large, powerful predators may sometimes attack and kill people, but all of the above sharks, even the great white, have been filmed in open water, with no cage,[6][7] time and time again without problems.
Modern day statistics do not show that the oceanic whitetip shark has often been involved in unprovoked attacks in the past, especially during World War I and World War II. The oceanic whitetip lives in the open sea and rarely shows up near coasts, where nowadays most incidents occur. During the world wars many ships and aircraft disasters have happened in the open ocean. And due to its abundance the oceanic whitetip is often the first species on site when such a disaster happens.
Infamous examples of oceanic whitetip attacks include the sinking of the Nova Scotia, a steamship carrying 1000 that was sunk near South Africa by a German submarine in World War II. Only 192 people survived, with many deaths attributed to the oceanic whitetip shark.[8] Another example was the torpedoing of the USS Indianapolis on 30 July 1945, giving a minimal figure of 60--80 killed by oceanic whitetips.[9] Some survivors stated that tiger sharks were involved too.
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favela's war
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tedbuddy&tedbunker
A favela is t
favela's war
NY FELLAS PRESENTS...WALLANCE PRODUCTIONS
tedbuddy&tedbunker
A favela is the Brazilian equivalent of a shanty town, which are generally found on the edge of the city. They have electricity, but often not formally. Favelas are constructed from a variety of materials, ranging from bricks to garbage. Many favelas are very close and very cramped. They are plagued by sewage, crime and hygiene problems. Although many of the most infamous are located in Rio de Janeiro, there are favelas in almost every large Brazilian town. In Rio one in every four Cariocas (as the inhabitants are called) lives in a slum. [1]. The city of Rio de Janeiro itself does not legally recognize the existence of favelas. The name originates from a species of plant with thorny leaves that grows in the semi-arid North-East region. Refugees and former soldiers involved in the Canudos Civil War (1895-1896) in Bahia would eventually settle on unreclaimed public land on a hill in Rio de Janeiro called Morro da Providência, because the government failed to provide any housing for them. The former soldiers named their new settlement Morro da Favela after the plant which had thrived at the site of a famous victory against the rebels.[2]
Over the years, most of the poor population, comprised mainly of freed black slaves moved in, replacing the refugees as the major ethnic group there. However, long before the first settlement called "favela" came into being, poor blacks were pushed away from downtown into the far suburbs. Favelas were handy for them because they allowed them to be close to work, while keeping away from where they were not welcome.
A favela is fundamentally different from a slum or tenement, primarily in terms of its origin and location. While slum quarters in other Latin American countries generally form when poorer residents from the countryside come to larger cities in search of work, favelas are unique in that they were created as large populations became displaced. Favelas differ from ghettos such as those in the United States in that they are racially mixed even thought blacks make up the majority of the population. Although they were first mostly made up of most Afro-Brazilians they slowly began to consist of many European immigrants arriving in the 19th century.[3] Another important distinction is that, in a typical favela, there is an anomalous form of social life that diverges from mainstream culture. Such a state of things was recognized as early as 1940.[citation needed]
Shanty towns are units of irregular self-constructed housing that are unlicensed and occupied illegally. They are usually on lands belonging to third parties, and are most often located on the urban periphery. Shanty town residences are built randomly, although ad hoc networks of stairways, sidewalks, and simple tracks allow passage through them. Most favelas are inaccessible by vehicle.
These areas of irregular and poor-quality housing are often crowded onto hillsides, and as a result, these areas suffer from frequent landslides during heavy rain. In recent decades, favelas have been troubled by drug-related crime and gang warfare. There are rumors that common social codes in favelas forbid residents from engaging in criminal activity inside their own favela. Favelas are often considered a disgrace and an eyesore for local people within Brazil.[citation needed]
History
Precarious houses in the favela of Complexo do Alemão in Rio de Janeiro.
It is generally agreed upon that the first favela was created in November 1897 when 20,000 veteran soldiers were brought to Rio de Janeiro and left with no place to live.[4] Some of the older favelas were originally started as quilombos (independent towns for refugee African slaves) among the hilly terrain of the area surrounding Rio, which later grew as slaves were liberated in 1888 with no place to live.The favelas were formed prior to the dense occupation of cities and the domination of real estste interests. [5] The housing crisis of the 1940s forced the urban poor to erect hundreds of shantytowns in the suburbs did favelas replace tenements as the main type of residence for destitute Cariocas (residents of Rio). The explosive era of favela growth dates from 1940, when Getulio Vargas's industrialization drive pulled hundreds of thousands of migrants into the Federal District, until 1970, when shantytowns expanded beyond urban Rio and into the metropolian periphery. [6] Most of the current favelas began in the 1970s, as a construction boom in the richer neighborhoods of Rio de Janeiro initiated a rural exodus of workers from poorer states in Brazil. Heavy flooding in the low-lying slum areas of Rio also forcibly removed a large population into favelas, which are mostly located on Rio's various hillsides. Since favelas have been created under different terms but with similar end results, the term favela has become generally interchangeable with any impoverished areas.[cit
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lee evans live in scotland
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Lee Evans (born February 25, 1
lee evans live in scotland
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teddbunker&tedbuddy
Lee Evans (born February 25, 1964) is an award winning English stand-up comedian and actor.
Biography
Lee Evans was born in Avonmouth, Bristol, England. His secondary school was The Billericay School in Billericay, Essex. After a spell as a boxer and two years at art school in Essex, Evans decided to follow in his father's footsteps in the entertainment business. In his teens he moved to Rhyl, Wales, and played drums in a punk band that he has on the bill and won the contest. The first four years were spent touring working-men's clubs; the next five on the alternative circuit. Like a lot of now-established comics' his break came at the Edinburgh Festival in 1988.
In 1981, at age 17, he married Heather Evans with whom he has a daughter, Mollie, born in 1994, and a dog, Brian, although in the "Wired and Wonderful" tour and DVD he says his dog is called Rex (he may have two dogs or one may have died then the other replaced the first). They live in Billericay.
[edit]Career
[edit]Stand-up comedy
Lee Evans rose to fame during the 1990s in his home country, becoming noted for his loud, hot, sweaty, energetic on-stage performances, mastery of humourous voices, and very physical, observational alternative comedy. He is regarded as having a Norman Wisdom--style of slapstick comedy acting, and in many respects has taken on Wisdom's role for a later generation.[citation needed] In his earlier work, he often used a dysfunctional character called Malcolm to illustrate how he viewed unusual characters in the world.
One of the trademarks of Evans's performances is his sweatiness: he is usually drenched in his own sweat. During most of his headlining performances, he often must take an intermission, during which he changes into a completely different suit; he once said that this was because he was "as nervous as a nun awaiting her pregnancy test results". He has also said that his suits are regularly thrown away after just one performance, mainly because of the sweat, with dry-cleaners refusing to handle them.[citation needed]
A second trademark is The Lee Evans Trio, which consists of him on a bare stage, in a spotlight, miming to a recording of instrumental sound; the spotlight goes out, only to reappear in another location, to which Evans has moved during the blackout, and where he is now miming playing a different instrument. He mimes in three locations, with an imaginary drum kit, double bass and piano.
A third trademark is his apparent "stage fright". At the beginning of his act he'll often pretend to get the microphone cord tangled up or thrown over his shoulder, or even that it doesn't work (he'll begin to talk but nothing is heard, until the end of a gag or question is suddenly audible). He may spend the first few minutes rambling as if he can't remember what he came on stage for. Often he will tilt the microphone stand and pretend to machine gun the audience, again as a nervous reaction and supposed "time filler".
Evans is also known for performing music skits at the end of every gig, usually his world-famous mime to Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody". His live act is also notable for its persistent use of variations of the word fuck.
In November 2005, Evans broke the Guinness World Record for a solo act performing to the biggest comedy audience, playing to 10,108 at the Manchester Evening News Arena.
Evans will tour Britain with a brand new stand-up act, "Big", in Autumn 2008, with a DVD of the tour released in November. During this tour he will become the first comedian to play at the O2 Arena in London
[edit]Acting
Evans has made a number of film appearances, most notably in Funny Bones, Mousehunt, There's Something About Mary, The Fifth Element, The Ladies Man, The Martins and The Medallion. Evans also provided the voice for Train in the 2005 film The Magic Roundabout.
From 1993-1994 Evans appeared in the Channel 4 late-night show Viva Cabaret!, both as a host and as a guest performer. In 1996, Evans starred in the one-off show The World of Lee Evans. In 2001, he wrote a sitcom called So What Now?.
In 2004 he starred as a paranoid murder suspect in his first non-comic role in the film Freeze Frame. Although warned they may never grow back, he shaved his eyebrows (as well as his hair). (They did.) Lee also recently played the main character in ITV's The History of Mr Polly that is based on the H. G. Wells novel of the same name.
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VIETNAM WAR
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tedbunker&tedbuddy
Napalm is any of a numb
VIETNAM WAR
NY FELLAS...WALLANCE PRODUCTIONS
tedbunker&tedbuddy
Napalm is any of a number of flammable liquids used in warfare, often jellied gasoline. Napalm is actually the thickener in such liquids, which when mixed with gasoline makes a sticky incendiary gel. Developed by the U.S. in World War II by a team of Harvard chemists led by Louis Fieser, its name is a combination of the names of its original ingredients, coprecipitated aluminum salts of naphthenic and palmitic acids. These were added to the flammable substance to cause it to gel.[1]
One of the major problems of early incendiary fluids (such as those used in flamethrowers) was that they splashed and drained too easily. The U.S. found that a gasoline gel increased both the range and effectiveness of flamethrowers, but was difficult to manufacture because it used natural rubber, which was in high demand and expensive. Napalm provided a far cheaper alternative, solving the issues involved with rubber-based incendiaries.[1]
Modern napalm is composed primarily of benzene and polystyrene, and is known as napalm-B.[1]
Napalm 878 was used in flamethrowers and bombs by the U.S. and Allied forces, to increase effectiveness of flammable liquids. The substance is formulated to burn at a specific rate and adhere to materials. Napalm is mixed with gasoline in various proportions to achieve this. Another useful (and dangerous) effect, primarily involving its use in bombs, was that napalm "rapidly deoxygenates the available air" as well as creating large amounts of carbon monoxide causing suffocation. Napalm bombs were also used in the Vietnam War to clear landing zones for helicopters.[1]
Though napalm was a 20th century invention, it is part of a long history of incendiary materials in warfare. However, historically, it was primarily liquids that were used (see Greek fire). An infantry-based flammable liquid fuel weapon, the flamethrower, was introduced in World War I by the Germans, variations of which were soon developed by other sides in the conflict.[1]
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As Gostosas na TV Diário em Fortaleza. Forró Delicioso. Programa Tony Nunes
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te
As Gostosas na TV Diário em Fortaleza. Forró Delicioso. Programa Tony Nunes
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tedbunker&tedbuddy
O Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico de Picote, localizado perto da povoação com o mesmo nome, concelho de Miranda do Douro e distrito de Bragança, implantado num vale profundamente encaixado entre margens muito abruptas, foi o primeiro aproveitamento português a entrar em serviço no rio Douro, em 1958, remontando o início da sua construção a 1954.
Tem uma Potência Instalada de 180 MW e uma Produção Média de 1 038 GWh/ano. Este aproveitamento utiliza o desnível de cerca de 69 m existente entre o seu próprio nível de retenção normal - cota 471,00 m - e o nível de retenção do Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico de Bemposta, situado a jusante, tendo a sua albufeira uma extensão aproximada de 21 km e uma capacidade total de 63 000 000 m³, dos quais apenas 13 000 000 m³ são turbináveis em exploração normal.
O Aproveitamento de Picote compreende uma Barragem, sobre a qual se dispõe o Descarregador de Cheias, Central subterrânea, Edifícios de Comando e de Descarga e Subestação, implantados na margem direita. A Barragem de Picote é do tipo Abóbada de Dupla Curvatura, com 92,3 m de corda no coroamento entre encontros, e uma altura máxima acima das fundações de 100 m.
O descarregador sobre a barragem é constituído por 4 vãos providos de comportas segmento que permitem, no seu conjunto, um caudal máximo de 10 400 m³/s. Para a regulação do nível da albufeira e para a evacuação de caudais de pequenas cheias, a barragem dispõe de uma Descarga Auxiliar de meio fundo. Esta descarga auxiliar, cuja entrada se situa cerca de 49 m abaixo do nível normal da albufeira, está equipada com comporta automática do tipo segmento.
A Central de Picote é subterrânea, tem 88 m de comprimento, 16,6 m de largura e 35 m de altura de escavação. Está equipada com 3 Grupos Geradores, cada um deles com uma turbina Francis de eixo vertical, de 68 402 kW e um alternador de 72 MVA. Cada grupo utiliza Tomadas de Água e Condutas Forçadas próprias. Os 3 Tubos de Aspiração convergem, mediante convenientes concordâncias, numa Galeria de Fuga única com 15 m de altura e 12 m de largura, que restitui as águas turbinadas sob o trampolim do Descarregador de Cheias.
Os Edifícios de Comando e de Descarga localizam-se em duas plataformas, na margem direita, junto do coroamento da barragem. A Subestação de Transformação 15/244 kV, situada na mesma plataforma do Edifício de Comando, dispõe de 3 blocos transformadores monofásicos de 3x25 MVA. O Parque de Saída de Linhas, ligado à Subestação por linha aérea, situa-se numa plataforma à cota 650,00 m, dispõe de barramento duplo e está dimensionado para 6 painéis de saída.
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live
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George Denis Patrick Carlin[16] (born May 12, 1937) i
live
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tedbunker&tedbuddy
George Denis Patrick Carlin[16] (born May 12, 1937) is a Grammy-winning American stand-up comedian, actor, and author.
Carlin is especially noted for his political and black humor and his observations on language, psychology, and religion along with many taboo subjects. Carlin and his "Seven Dirty Words" comedy routine were central to the 1978 U.S. Supreme Court case F.C.C. v. Pacifica Foundation, in which a narrow 5-4 decision by the justices affirmed the government's right to regulate Carlin's act on the public airwaves.
George Carlin's most recent stand up routines are primarily focused on attacking the flaws in modern-day America. He often takes on contemporary political issues in the United States and satirizes the excesses of American culture.
He is considered by many to be a successor to the late Lenny Bruce and was described by Comedy Central as the second greatest stand-up comedian of all time behind Richard Pryor, and right before Lenny Bruce[17]. He was also the first person to host Saturday Night Live
Early life and career
Carlin was born in New York City, New York,[18] the son of Mary (née Bearey), a secretary, and Patrick Carlin, a national advertising manager for the New York Sun.
Carlin grew up on West 121st Street, in a neighborhood of Manhattan which he later said he and his friends called "White Harlem", because that sounded a lot tougher than its real name of "Morningside Heights". "General Grant was one of my neighbors," he would say later. He was raised by his mother, who left his father when Carlin was two years old. At age 14 Carlin dropped out of Cardinal Hayes High School and later joined the United States Air Force, training as a radar technician. He was stationed at Barksdale AFB in Bossier City, Louisiana.
During this time he began working as a disc jockey on KJOE, a radio station based in the nearby city of Shreveport. He did not complete his Air Force enlistment. Labeled an "unproductive airman" by his superiors, Carlin was discharged on July 29, 1957. In 1959, Carlin and Jack Burns began as a comedy team when both were working for radio station KXOL in Fort Worth, Texas.[19] After successful performances at Fort Worth's beat coffeehouse, The Cellar, Burns and Carlin headed for California in February 1960 and stayed together for two years as a team before moving on to individual
Carlin openly communicates in his shows and in his interviews that his purpose for existence is entertainment, that he is "here for the show". He professes a hearty schadenfreude in watching the rich spectrum of humanity slowly self-destruct, in his estimation, of its own design; saying, "When you're born, you get a ticket to the freak show. When you're born in America, you get a front-row seat." He acknowledges that this is a very selfish thing, especially since he includes large human catastrophes as entertainment.
In a late-1990s interview with radio talk show host Art Bell, he remarked about his view of human life: "I think we're already 'circling the drain' as a species, and I'd love to see the circles get a little faster and a little shorter."
In the same interview, he recounts his experience of a California earthquake in the early-1970s as: "...an amusement park ride. Really, I mean it's such a wonderful thing to realize that you have absolutely no control... and to see the dresser move across the bedroom floor unassisted... is just exciting." Later he summarizes: "I really think there's great human drama in destruction and nature unleashed and I don't get enough of it."
A routine in Carlin's 1999 HBO special You Are All Diseased focusing on airport security leads up to the statement: "Take a fucking chance! Put a little fun in your life! ... most Americans are soft and frightened and unimaginative and they don't realize there's such a thing as dangerous fun, and they certainly don't recognize a good show when they see one."
Carlin has always included politics as part of his material (along with the wordplay and sex jokes), but by the mid-1980s had become a strident and perceptive social critic, in both his HBO specials and the book compilations of his material. His HBO viewers got an especially sharp taste of this in his take on the Ronald Reagan administration during the 1988 special What Am I Doing In New Jersey? broadcast live from the Park Theatre in Union City, New Jersey.
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TORRI GEMELLE
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Il World Trade Center di New York era un com
TORRI GEMELLE
NY FELLAS
tedbunker&tedbuddy
Il World Trade Center di New York era un complesso di sette edifici situato nella parte sud dell'isola di Manhattan (in inglese locale, Lower Manhattan), famoso in particolare per le torri gemelle o 'Twin Towers' , e per l'attentato dell'11 settembre 2001 che le distrusse. Con il crollo delle torri (denominate WTC 1 e WTC 2) anche gli altri edifici minori (WTC 3, WTC 4, WTC 5, WTC 6 e WTC 7) furono distrutti o danneggiati irreversibilmente, e quindi abbattuti nei mesi successivi.
Le torri gemelle furono costruite dall'architetto giapponese-americano Minoru Yamasaki tra il 1966 e il 1977.
Ogni torre aveva un'area calpestabile complessiva di ben 400.000 metri quadrati; questo significa che sommando le superfici calpestabili complessive dei due edifici (400.000 + 400.000 metri quadrati) e aggiungendovi quelle degli altri edifici facenti parte del complesso (oggi anch'essi distrutti) si raggiungeva una superficie calpestabile pari a oltre 1.000.000 di metri quadrati (circa 1 chilometro quadrato di superficie!). Si tratta in assoluto (insieme al Pentagono e alla Muraglia cinese) dell'opera più imponente mai costruita dall'uomo.
Attorno alle ore 9, durante la mattina dell' 11 settembre 2001 due aerei di linea (della American e della United Airlines) si schiantano, a distanza di alcuni minuti l'uno dall'altro, contro le due torri, causandone l'incendio e la parziale distruzioni di alcuni piani. Le vittime totali furono 2817
La versione ufficiale dei fatti (quella comunicata dalle autorità americane) dice che il dilagare dell'incendio provocò l'indebolimento della struttura portante in acciaio atta a sorreggere le torri. Tale indebolimento, indotto dalle alte temperature sviluppatesi al momento dell'impatto, provocò il collasso totale delle stesse, evento drammatico entrato di fatto a far parte della Storia contemporanea degli Stati Uniti d'America.
L'amministrazione statunitense dichiarò che l'attentato fu ordinato da Osama Bin Laden, terrorista islamico.
La ricostruzione del World Trade Center è al momento affidata all'architetto polacco-americano Daniel Libeskind e al suo Master Plan for the New World Trade Center. L'edificio di punta del New World Trade Center sarà la Freedom Tower, un edificio di 541 metri (cioè 1776 piedi, un riferimento simbolico alla data della Rivoluzione Americana e della Dichiarazione di indipendenza degli Stati Uniti d'America). Le date previste per la realizzazione del nuovo complesso sono però ancora incerte, visto l'acceso (e spesso polemico) dibattito e le tante pastoie burocratiche e politiche che circondano il progetto.
Indipendentemente dal Master Plan e da Libeskind, si sta al momento ricostruendo il WTC 7 (la parte esterna è stata completata nel 2005) sebbene il nuovo edificio, architettonicamente, non abbia molto a che vedere con il vecchio. Non è chiaro se il WTC 7 verrà considerato parte del nuovo World Trade Center.
Gli attentati dell'11 settembre 2001, furono una serie di attacchi suicidi di natura terroristica attuati contro gli Stati Uniti d'America, avvenuti l'11 settembre 2001; si tratta della tragedia più documentata di sempre, ma anche di una delle più controverse, avendo alimentato polemiche crescenti e senza precedenti (sia negli Stati Uniti, sia nel resto del mondo) circa la ricostruzione dei fatti e l'individuazione delle responsabilità correlate.
Le fasi principali degli attentati
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marijuana
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Il termine marijuana si riferisce alle infioresc
marijuana
NY FELLAS
tedbunker&tedbuddy
Il termine marijuana si riferisce alle infiorescenze femminili essiccate e conciate delle piante appartenenti al genotipo THCAS (volgarmente "canapa indica"). In essa sono contenute diverse sostanze stupefacenti psicoattive, tra cui la principale è il Δ9-tetraidrocannabinolo. Il materiale vegetale o i preparati che ne contengono, sono considerati facenti parte delle cosiddette "droghe leggere".
Il termine marijuana è il nome comune col quale in Messico viene indicata tale pianta quando destinata a ricavarne sostanza stupefacente. L'uso del termine marijuana si è poi diffuso in tutto il mondo veicolato dai media fin dalla prima metà del secolo scorso. Sono innumerevoli in Italia ed all'estero i termini gergali, regionali o subregionali, che identificano la marijuana e l'hashish.
Nel gergo comune, per marijuana si intendono le infiorescenze delle piante femminili essiccate e conciate per essere fumate, benché il fumo non sia l'unico veicolo dei cannabinoidi, essendo liposolubili. I metodi di assunzione alternativi a quello tradizionale prevedono ad esempio l'infusione nel latte, nel burro o in altri lipidi nei quali si possano sciogliere i cannabinoidi attivi (THC).
Dalle infiorescenze si ricava anche una particolare resina lavorata la cui consistenza può variare da solida a collosa in relazione alle modalità di produzione (l'hashish).
La foglia di canapa indica, simbolo mediatico della marijuana, non si fuma poiché povera in principi attivi e ricca di clorofilla che inasprisce il tipico sapore dolciastro delle infiorescenze.
Ganja è il termine in lingua creolo giamaicana utilizzato per indicare la marijuana, erba ritenuta dai Rastafariani indispensabile per la meditazione e la preghiera [1]. La crema di hashish è usata per scopi meditativi anche dai Sadhu indiani, e da molti monaci buddhisti in Nepal e, in generale, nella zona Himalayana ma era diffusa anche tra i nativi americani.
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Written and directed by Steve DePena, porno cue cards is a sketch about porn actors who fo
Written and directed by Steve DePena, porno cue cards is a sketch about porn actors who forget their lines
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tedbunker&tedbuddy
Pornography or porn is the explicit depiction of sexual subject matter, especially with the sole intention of sexually exciting the viewer. It is to a certain extent similar to erotica, which is the use of sexually-arousing imagery for mainly artistic purposes. Over the past few decades, an immense industry for the production and consumption of pornography has grown, due to emergence of the VCR, the DVD, and the Internet, as well as the emergence of social attitudes more tolerant of sexual portrayals. Performers in pornography are referred to as pornographic actors (or actresses), or the more commonly known title, "Porn Star", and are generally seen as qualitatively different from their non-pornographic counterparts.
In general, "erotica" refers to portrayals of sexually arousing material that hold or aspire to artistic or historical merit, whereas "pornography" (which is frequently considered a pejorative term) connotes the more direct, blunt or excessive depiction of sexual acts, with little or no artistic value, intended for mere entertainment. The line between the two is often highly subjective. In practice, pornography can be defined merely as erotica that certain people perceive as "obscene." The definition of what one considers obscene can differ between persons, cultures and eras. This leaves legal actions by those who oppose pornography open to wide interpretation.
Pornography may use any of a variety of media—printed literature, photos, sculpture, drawing, painting, animation, sound recording, film, video, or video game. However, when sexual acts are performed for a live audience, by definition it is not pornography, as the term applies to the depiction of the act, rather than the act itself. Thus, portrayals such as sex shows and striptease may be considered similar, but not identical, to pornography.
In most countries pornography is treated as a separate entity, both culturally and legally, from depictions of naked persons in art or photography. See "nudity" for more information.
The word derives from the Greek pornographia, which derives from the Greek words porne ("prostitute"), grapho ("to write or record"), and the suffix ia (meaning "state of", "property of", or "place of"), thus meaning "a place to record prostitutes"
he depiction of sexual acts is as old as civilization (and can be found painted on various ancient buildings), but the concept of pornography as understood today did not exist until the Victorian era. Previous to that time, though some sex acts were regulated or stipulated in laws, looking at objects or images depicting them was not. In some cases, specific books, engravings or image collections were censored or outlawed, but the trend to compose laws that restricted viewing of sexually explicit things in general was a Victorian construct. When large scale excavations of Pompeii were undertaken in the 1860s, much of the erotic art of the Romans came to light, shocking the Victorians who saw themselves as the intellectual heirs of the Roman Empire. They did not know what to do with the frank depictions of sexuality, and endeavored to hide them away from everyone but upper class scholars. The moveable objects were locked away in the Secret Museum in Naples, Italy and what could not be removed was covered and cordoned off as to not corrupt the sensibilities of women, children and the working class. Soon after, the world's first law criminalizing pornography was enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1857 in the Obscene Publications Act. The Victorian attitude that pornography was for a select few can be seen in the wording of the Hicklin test stemming from a court case in 1868 where it asks, "whether the tendency of the matter charged as obscenity is to deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences." Despite their suppression, depictions of erotic imagery are common throughout history, and remain so.[1]
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