金 Kim Nurhachi, great founder of 淸 (Cheong/Ching) empire of han

Manchu history - 7. Origin

Where are the Manchu people from?
Just a few people know their origin.
Their origin was recorded very clearly because ...
Qing government published their own history book.

"The origin of Manchu" (滿洲源流考)
published by Qing government (1777)

Qing emperor Qianlong ordered to publish this book.
43 reknowned historians in Qing worked together to write this book.
Manchus are decendents of Jin dynasty (11151234)
The founder of Qing, Nurhachi, was descendent of Jin's royal family
Then, who built Jin dynasty?

"The name of the originator of Jin is Hanpu. He came from Goryeo (髙丽)"
(金之始祖讳哈富(旧作函普)初从髙丽来)
in Chapter 7

"The name of Jin(金) was originated from the surname of Kings of Silla(新羅) "
(新罗王金姓则金之逺派)
in Chapter 7

This book was published 500 years after Jin dynasty. So, some may not be sure the validity of this book.
There is another book written right after the end of Jin dynasty

"History of Jin (金史)" (in 1300s)

"History of Jin (金史)" is an official 24 history books of China

"The name of the founder of Jin(金) is Hampu(函普). When he came from Goryeo(高麗), his age was 60"
(金之始祖諱函普，初從高麗來，年已六十餘矣)
In the 1st chapter of The History of Jin(金史)

Just Google with 女真 阿骨打 新羅":

The originator of Wonan family (Jin's royal family) is a Silla person
"完顏之始祖指蒲者，新羅人" (from 大宋遗民)

"女真酋長乃新羅人" (from 松漠紀聞)
Jurchen's King is a Silla person

"女真阿骨打稱帝國號大金(...本新羅人)" (from 《佛祖歷代通載》卷19)
Jurchen Agolta named the state Great Gold (大金)(... He is originally a Silla person).

Why do some books read that he was from Goryeo, and others read that he was from Silla?
because Hampu was from Silla, and Silla became Goryeo when the books were written.

Did Jurchens know later that their ancestors were from Silla?

When Jurchens visited Goryeo, they said:
My ancestors (我祖宗) originated from the High country (大邦: Goryeo).
我祖宗出自大邦
from (高麗史13卷-世家13-睿宗1109)

It shows that Jurchen descendents were proud of their origin.

The royal family of Qing used the surname(愛新覺羅) to show their origin from Silla.

The Qing emperor's surname 愛新覺羅 means
Love Silla (愛 新.羅)
Remember Silla (覺 新.羅)

Manchus wanted to leave record that they were not Chinese.
So, Qing emperor Qianlong ordered to publish the history book to show their origin from Silla.
"The origin of Manchu" (1777)

The book also explains who Manchus are. (Manchu tribes in Volumn 1 to 7)

The book says that Manchus are not just Jurchen.

Manchu Tribe 1: Suksin, Buyeo
Manchu Tribe 2: Yilou, Samhan, and Mulgil
Manchu Tribe 3: Baekje
Manchu Tribe 4: Silla
Manchu Tribe 5: Malgal (Jurchen)
Manchu Tribe 6: Balhae
Manchu Tribe 7: Wanan, and GeonJu

Qing prohibited the term "Jurchen" referring to them.
They coined "Manchu" as the offical name referring to them.

Clearly Manchus was composed of Jurchen and Korean Altaic tribes.
Manchus had nothing to do with Chinese.
All this things were written by Manchu people during Qing

Read the book online:

google
"满洲源流考"
or
search "满洲源流考" in http://zh.wikisource.org/

The origin of manchu:
http://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%BB%...

The history of Jin:
http://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%87%...

松漠紀聞:(Song Chinese record of the Jurchen king as a Silla person)
http://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%9D%...

Wikipedia about Hampu who is the originator of Jin:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.ht...

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6cSKq7vj6JE&feature=related

http://www.taiwannation.com.tw/inside030.htm

The Baekje Dynasty (18 BC - 660 AD) was the origin of Japan.

According to the Korean Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms, Samguk Sagi (三國史記, published in 1154 AD), Baekje and Shilla sent their princes, who took commanding positions in Japanese society. These people were dignitaries with familial ties to the Japanese ruling class. IT IS AN UNDISPUTED FACT that these Koreans brought to Japan Chinese writing system, Buddhism, iron processing for weapons and various other technologies. In exchange, Japan pledged loyalty and provided military support.

The Korean Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms, Samguk Yusa (三國遺事, published in 1281 AD), also cite many of the BAEKJE ROYAL FAMILY'S DESCENDANTS and many nobles as dignitaries in the Japanese court, maintaining Korean influence and ensuring the continuation of the Yamato alliance. Moreover, the Chinese Book of Sui (隋書, published in 636 AD) specifically says that Baekje requested and received military support from Japan during the 4th century, and that the Emperor of Japan was of Baekje descent. Both Korean and Chinese records indicate that the origin of Japan as a state lies in Korea; "Baekje of Korea is the origin of Yamato Japan" is the standard most international historians follow. (During the 4th century AD, Japan was only a confederation of local tribes, while the Three Kingdoms of Korea were fully developed, centralized powers.)

█ Many members of the Baekje royalty and nobility emigrated to Japan even before the kingdom was overthrown in 660 AD. In response to Baekje royal family's request, around August of 661 AD, 10,000 Japanese soldiers and 170 ships, led by Abe no Hirafu (阿部比羅夫), arrived in Korea. Additional Japanese reinforcement of 37,000 soldiers arrived in 662. Again in 663 AD Japan sent the general Abe no Hirafu with 20,000 troops and 1,000 ships to revive Baekje with Boyeo Pung (扶餘豊), a prince of Baekje. (It was solely because Baekje was Japan's mother country.) However, this attempt failed and the Japanese army retreated to Japan ("Battle of Baekgang", 白江戰鬪) with many Baekje refugees, who were further incorporated into the political system and the imperial family of Japan.

For example, Buyeo Pung's younger brother Sun-gwang (善光) used the family name Kudara no Konikishi (百濟王, "King of Baekje": they were also called the Kudara clan, as Baekje was called Kudara in Japanese--explained below). The mother of Japanese Emperor Kammu (桓武天皇, 737-806 AD) was Takano no Niigasa (高野新笠), a descendant of King Muryeong (武寧王) of Baekje. In 790 AD, Emperor Kammu issued a rescript and treated the Kudara no Konikishi clan as his "relatives by marriage". It was related to the fact that the emperor's mother Takano no Niigasa belonged to the Baekje-originated Yamato clan, who at that time officially claimed its root in the Baekje royal family. Baekje royalty are the ancestors of the YAMATO clan (大和氏), the OUCHI clan (大内氏), the SUE clan (陶氏), the SOGA clan (蘇我氏) and many others.

█ There is an interesting fact; "kudara(n)" (크다 or 커다란) means "big" or "great" in Korean. The correct pronunciation of Baekje (百濟) should be "Haksai" in standard Japanese. The other two of the Three Kingdoms are pronounced correctly; Goguryeo (高句麗) is "Kokuri" and Shilla (新羅) is "Shiragi" in Japanese. However, only Baekje is pronounced differently and inconsistently. "Kunara" (큰나라) specifically means "great nation" or "motherland" in Korean. However, "Baek-je" is the only Korean pronunciation for the word, and Koreans never call it Kudara or Kunara. Kudara is the only pronunciation for Baekje in Japanese.

There is another interesting fact; in Japanese "kudaranai" (くだらない) means "worthless". ("nai" (ない) means "not" or "-less" in Japanese.) We can clearly see what influence Baekje had over the ancient Japanese. Anything or anybody not of Baekje was considered worthless. Kudara and kudaranai are still being widely used in Japan as standard Japanese vocabulary. Furthermore, if you look up the words in any Japanese dictionary, you will find that they totally stand out from the rest of the words which begin with "kuda(くだ)-". FYI, "kudasai" (ください) means "Please give me".

█ Also, the Nara period (奈良時代) of Japan covers most of the 8th century. Modern theories suggest that it is cognate with the Korean word "nara" (나라, meaning "country" or "kingdom"). The name "Yamato" comes from the Yamato Court that existed in Japan in the 4th century. It was originally the name of the region where the Yamato people first settled in Nara (奈良) Prefecture. The Yamato people (大和民族 ) are considered the dominant native ethnic group of Japan.

The emperor's comments induced dramatically different reactions from the two nations. In Japan, the story proved hard to stomach. It was covered in detail only by the Asahi Shimbum. Other major newspapers either mentioned the Korean ancestry issue only in passing or ignored th...
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Relations with Japan
Familial ties and Military assistance
To confront with the military pressure of Goguryeo and Silla, Baekje (Kudara in Japanese) established close relations with Japan. According to the Korean chronicle Samguk Sagi, Baekje and Silla sent some princes to the Japanese court as hostages.
These Koreans brought to Japan knowledge of the Chinese writing system, Buddhism, iron processing for weapons, and various other technologies.
In exchange, Japan provided military support.

The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms and Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms cite some of the Baekje royal family's descendants and some nobles as dignitaries in the Japanese court, maintaining Korean influence and ensuring the continuation of the Yamato alliance, as in the time of Emperor Yomei, when the Buddhist temple of Horyuji was constructed. It is also known that Muryeong of Baekje, the twenty-fifth king, was born in Japan.

Accoridng to mythical accounts in the controversial Nihon Shoki, empress Jingu extracted tribute and pledges of allegiance from the kings of Baekje, Silla, and Goguryeo. At the height of Japanese nationalism in the early 20the century, Japanese historians used these mythical accounts along with a passage in the Gwanggaeto Stele to establish ideological rationale to the imperialist outcry for invasion of Korea.[21][22] Also complicating the matter is that in the Nihongi a Korean named Amenohiboko is supposed to be the maternal predecessor of Empress Jingū. This is highly inconsistent and difficult to interpret correctly.

Scholars believe that the "Nihon Shoki" gives the invasion date of Silla and Baekje as the late 4th century. However, by this time, Japan was a confederation of local tribes, while the Three Kingdoms of Korea were fully developed, centralized powers. It is very unlikely that a developing state such as Yamato had the capacity to cross the sea and engage in battles with Baekje and Silla.[23][24][25]. The Nihon Shoki is widely regarded to be an unreliable source of information as it mixes heavy amounts of supposition and legend with facts.

Some Japanese scholars interpret the Gwanggaeto Stele, erected in 414 by King Jangsu of Goguryeo, as describing a Japanese invasion in the southern portion of the Korean peninsula. However, Mohan claims that Goguryeo fabricated the Japanese invasion in order to justify its conquest of Baekje.[29]

Chinese scholars participated in the study after 1980s. Wang Jianqun interviewed local farmers and decided the intentional fabrication did not occurred and the lime was pasted by local copy-making workers to enhance readability.[30] Xu Jianxin of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences discovered the earliest rubbed copy which was made before 1881. He also concluded that there was no evidence Japanese had damaged any of the stele characters.[31]

Today, most Chinese and Japanese scholars controvert the Conspiracy theories, based on the study of the stele itself and advocate Japanese intervention in the era,[31][32][33] although its size and participant are disputed.

In the project of writing a common history textbook, Kim Tae-sik of Hongik University (Korea)[34] and Kosaku Hamada of Kyushu University (Japan)[35] reported his interpretation of the Gwanggaeto Stele text, neither of them adopting the intentionally damaged stele theory in their interpretations.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baekje