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memou
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Having converted the Kutama of Kabylie to its cause, the Shia Fatimids overthrew the Rustamids, and conquered Egypt. They left Algeria and Tunisia to their Zirid vassals; when the latter rebelled and adopted Sunnism, the Shia Fatimids sent in the Banu Hilal, a populous Arab tribe, to weaken them. This initiated the Arabization of the region. The Almoravids and Almohads, Berber dynasties from the west founded by religious reformers, brought a period of relative peace and development; however, with the Almohads' collapse, Algeria became a battleground for their three successor states, the Algerian Zayyanids, Tunisian Hafsids, and Moroccan Marinids. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the Spanish Empire started attacking and subsuming a few Algerian coastal settlements.
Algeria was brought into the Ottoman Empire by Khair ad-Din and his brother Aruj in 1517, and they established Algeria's modern boundaries in the north and made its coast a base for the Ottoman corsairs; their privateering peaked in Algiers in the 1600s. Piracy on American vessels in the Mediterranean resulted in the First (1801--1805) and Second Barbary War (1815) with the United States. The piracy acts forced people captured on the boats into slavery; alternatively when the pirates attacked coastal villages in southern and western Europe the inhabitants were forced into slavery.[4] Raids by Barbary pirates on Western Europe did not cease until 1816, when a Royal Navy raid, assisted by six Dutch vessels, destroyed the port of Algiers and its fleet of Barbary ships. Spanish occupation of Algerian ports at this time was a source of concern for the local inhabitants.
The head of state is the President of Algeria, who is elected to a five year term and is constitutionally limited to two terms. Algeria has suffrage for Islamic men at 30 years of age.[1] The President is the head of the Council of Ministers and of the High Security Council. He appoints the Prime Minister who is also the head of government. The Prime Minister appoints the Council of Ministers.
The Algerian parliament is bicameral, consisting of a lower chamber, the National People's Assembly (APN), with 380 members; and an upper chamber, the Council Of Nation, with 144 members. The APN is elected every five years.
Under the 1976 constitution (as modified 1979, and amended in 1988, 1989, and 1996) Algeria is a multi-party state. All parties must be approved by the Ministry of the Interior. To date, Algeria has had more than 40 legal political parties. According to the constitution, no political association may be formed if it is "based on differences in religion, language, race, gender or region.Algeria is currently divided into 48 provinces (wilayas), 553 districts (daïras) and 1,541 municipalities (communes, baladiyahs). Each province, district, and municipality is named after its seat, which is mostly also the largest city.
According to the Algerian constitution, a province is a territorial collectivity enjoying some economic freedom. The People's Provincial Assembly is the political entity governing a province, which has a "president", who is elected by the members of the assembly. They are in turn elected on universal suffrage every five years. The "Wali" (Prefect or governor) directs each province. This person is chosen by the Algerian President to handle the PPA's decisions.
01 Adrar · 02 Chlef · 03 Laghouat · 04 Oum-El-Bouaghi · 05 Batna · 06 Béjaïa · 07 Biskra · 08 Béchar · 09 Blida · 10 Bouira · 11 Tamanrasset · 12 Tébessa · 13 Tlemcen · 14 Tiaret · 15 Tizi-Ouzou · 16 Alger · 17 Djelfa · 18 Jijel · 19 Sétif · 20 Saïda · 21 Skikda · 22 Sidi-Bel-Abbès · 23 Annaba · 24 Guelma · 25 Constantine · 26 Médéa · 27 Mostaganem · 28 M'Sila · 29 Mascara · 30 Ouargla · 31 Oran · 32 El-Bayadh 33 Illizi · 34 Bordj-Bou-Arreridj · 35 Boumerdès · 36 El-Taref · 37 Tindouf · 38 Tissemsilt · 39 El-Oued · 40 Khenchela · 41 Souk-Ahras · 42 Tipaza · 43 Mila · 44 Aïn-Defla · 45 Naâma · 46 Aïn-Témouchent · 47 Ghardaïa · 48 Relizane
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جلال بريك .بسمة دمق .عادل بن رحمون.ومحمد بن عرفة وكل القومين في تونس
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