Photosynthesis: Calvin Cycle

[kmaster57]

you said NAD+ instead of NADP+



[polk304]

if i say im not watching this for my bio exam...ill be lying!!

[nelmops]

Thank you so much!! :D i have an exam on this stuff tomorrow and you saved me from absolute failure xD

[M0reMonkeys182]

Sooooo, what your telling me is?..... The dark reactions can only happen in the dark?

[Grkgermn333]

@M0reMonkeys182 1:32

[soumyasayujya]

@M0reMonkeys182 oye!!.....he said this cycle doesnt not need photons from sun!!....but do happen in the light......so don mislead urself...juzt chuck the name dark reaction and memorize light independent reaction instead!!....... maybe the name dark reaction was given in order to confuse us students!!... :(

[Mjhond]

I am very happy to see the vidoe after you give this The Calvin Cycle or the light-independent (dark) reactions of photosythesis

[Ondelendo]

I Love The Video It Can Increase My Knowledge The Calvin Cycle or the light-independent (dark) reactions of photosythesis

[anakmudajaman]

Steady I Really Like This Video The Calvin Cycle or the light-independent (dark) reactions of photosythesis

[bebeheuy]

Good, I like that you share this video, I wish success always The Calvin Cycle or the light-independent (dark) reactions of photosythesis

[imegatrone]

Nice Video Nice Video That You Share , So Very Nice Thanks You That You Share , So Very Nice Thanks You

[willamricard]

I Really Like The Video From Your The Calvin Cycle or the light-independent (dark) reactions of photosythesis

[bundawartini]

Your Video Is Very Useful Sharing The Calvin Cycle or the light-independent (dark) reactions of photosythesis

[Polythemus42]

@AuspiciousFuture Thank you so much. Midterm tomorrow, and I'm so terrified. So thank you! :3 And also thanks to OP, haha.

[Polythemus42]

Sorry if that was a stupid question. :P

[Polythemus42]

Are PGALs/G3P's the same as pyruvates? Thanks in advance, if anybody answers?

[AuspiciousFuture]

@Polythemus42

No they are not the same.

A pyruvate molecule consists of 3 carbon hydrates while a PGAL consists of 3 carbon hydrates along with 1phosphate.

So a pyruvate is 3C

and a PGAL is 3C-Pi.

And keep in mind that PGAL is formed before pyruvate is. Don't ever worry about a question being stupid, asking questions is how we all learn.

[ProCoderful]

thanks man, u'd make a great teacher

[cards101able]

where r u from?

[zimbabweanwarrior]

thylaKoid - with a K

[MrNeonmaniac]

I dont know if anybody can teach better than u , All I know is that I cant understand better from any other teacher. whatsoever, U have actually helped me understanding science .. how can u be so perfect in every subject.. Jack of all trades is master of none. but after seeing ur videos I object this.

[MrNeonmaniac]

Thank you sir! May Allah bless you.

[122Rayzor]

if i had him instead of my shit biology teacher, id have a much better grade

[Kubalikhan]

Helped a lot! Thanks!

[AfterEffectsMovie]

4 people failed the biology test :P

[Dagnyyyyyy]

I'm going to pass my Bio final thanks to you :)

[1220harmony]

OMG thankyou, my friend and i have to make a project on photosynthisis and i had no idea how any of this worked cuz our ap bio teacher sucks and this has been SO HELPFUL. thankyou. :)

[MultiFrankbob]

@1220harmony

It might help to learn how to spell photosynthesis first! Just a hint.

[sinfulmoose]

As someone studying Biology from home out of a huge folder with no tutor to help, this is a God send! Thank you so much for doing what you do you beautiful man, you!

[imyournewstepdad]

Thank you! I missed my bio teacher's lecture last Wednesday on the Calvin Cycle, so this really helped, I've watched it about 4 times and taken notes off it, thank you!

[TheTdwpforever]

Bro. Thanks.

[UglyDiamondMusic]

Learned more in 13 minutes than in 4 weeks of biology classes. Great format and great knowledge!

[jeweliekimchi]

I feel sorry for the AP Bio students before 2010! You have saved my life!! Asian parents get hella scary when your grades are not even a B+ , but a C+! Haha Imma ace tomorrow's exam! Thank you, you have made my life so much easier! My teacher can't teach anything!

[junk11111111]

Google Khan Academy and scroll down for other subjects that Khan speaks on personally:

Physics, Biology, Chemistry, Math (algebra, Calc, Trig, Stats, etc, etc), Art History, Computer Science, Economics, Finance, History, SAT Preparation, etc, etc, etc.

If your in school take a look and see if Khan has talked about the subject. He's financed by the Gates foundation and Google, etc.

His vision: All university online for free.

[roundtheworld132]

how to save government/tax payers money: fire all biology teachers and play only these videos.

[RedRain64]

he is using paint not a smart Pen

[manchester4ever7]

You are magical. I have a Bio test tomorrow that I will not fail as I would have with the sole instruction of my teacher.

[tstripped]

Wow you are so helpful! I dont even attend my classes anymore, I just come here and watch your videos! Pls dont stop Prof!

[FidelityInTheMelody]

You are the King, and the students are your People. We bow down to you!!

[Dupontrocks12]

@Anus0Beans He uses a smartpen? i thought he was just a fucking badass with paint

[heyimAWESOME12]

Mr. Griswold...

[fhchick85]

Thank you for all your hard work..I cannot even tell you how grateful I am.

[bridiebereza]

These videos are wonderful, and really reinforce the material where my professor has failed to teach them in a way that makes sense (for me). Thank you for the goldmine of information and great explanation.

[RBAnderson87]

EDUCATE MEEEEE!!!!! I've been through over 10 of your videos, you are a beast. Thanks.

[Bethanyy36]

Thank you SOOOOO much!!! I have an awful biology teacher so for the past 9 weeks you have been an amazing help!!!

[barfield95]

helped a lot

[bashaal114]

SAVED MY DAY A ON THE BANK FOR PHOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION EXAM THANKS

[joannecms72]

Haha professor actually mentioned many times about "Dark Reaction is actually badly name because this reaction still needs light..." and so on, but I do appreciate it^^ hehe

[Feyangel23]

Thank you science god for saving my ass

[Sushmita780]

Eta shotee amazing.  Jay shob video jay aapnee banalay, aami ackon aamar Biology class pass korchi. Dhonobad.

[AyaSalvatore]

THANK YOU! SAVED MY FUTURE <--- sorry for caps i got emotional :D

[paufinn21]

Thank you so much!!

[daradidam]

words can't describe how thankful I am to you!

[me78829]

thank you sooooo much! i would have definitely failed my honors biology quiz if not for you.

[omarspence]

I wish i had this when I was doing A levels, does worlds for refreshing my memory though.

[JonThm]

Plants metabolise all the available carbon dioxide they can get

[JonThm]

Photosynthesis is light induced molecular nuclear fusion. Which is why plants produce helium and emits gamma wave radiation. Neither of which is a chemical process.

[lalalandsmileful]

is 1 PGAL a pyruvate? which is what glucose is broken down into after glycolysis

P.s. is @rahulpower right then? in that case, what is triose phosphate??

[rahulpower]

MUST BE NOTED THAT HE MAKES A FATAL MISTAKE:

The 12 ATP and 12 NADPH come in AFTER the PGAL is made, NOT BEFORE. They help convert the PGAL into triose phosphate(TP). They DO NOT catalise the reaction between CO2 and RUBP, that is done by rubsco.

[cinddayk]

what program is he using

[princessstellaful]

its not given in much detail

[useless241]

I'd almost marry you, seriously

[MrHazardous1992]

Urea Synthesis Video Please =)!

[anime1infatuation]

you're really great khan! please do keep on posting videos like this. it really helps.

[TheOnlyDARK]

if only I knew about this earlier.

[feliscatus17]

Wow, you are a lifesaver!!! Thank you so much for your amazing videos! They are so helpful, it makes learning very easy!

[Anus0Beans]

you are a magician and that SmartPen is a wand

[Venom272X]

@Anus0Beans I thought it was the mouse on a computer, I was all ready to worship him

[Anus0Beans]

@Venom272X it could be but im pretty sure its a smart pen. one of the teachers at my school use to use one. if he is writing like that with a mouse.... he isnt human

[Venom272X]

@Anus0Beans Yeah, you're right about that

[chutneyxm0nky4404]

oh my god! were you the guy on the colbert report? i used this video to study for my bio exam and recognized your voice on the show.

[moomew21]

you taught me more in less than 15 mins what my dumbass teacher couldn't make us understand in a year's worth of honors biology. you are seriously my hero. screw my notes and my teacher's powerpoints, i'll get a better grae by watching your vids!

[feliscatus17]

@moomew21 this is honours biology for you?? this is first year biology for me :( sucks.

[soybombiambomb]

@feliscatus17 this is grade 12 high school biology for me

[vcelt]

to study for my bio final a few weeks ago, instead of reading over my notes and such, I watched your videos on my topic. got a 97%. came back to share this success story.

[lls1494]

you're amazing. I've been coming back for you're videos for my biology HL exams and its si much easier to remember with all your diagrams. Thanks :D

[DRMProd]

RuBisCO!! :)

[89RcK]

I've never made a comment on youtube but I had to. This video is so good...I kept waiting for him to start explaining the Calvin cycle and when he was like, "and that's the Calvin Cycle." I'm like wow...I never learned something so easily before

[Xvier121]

wonderful!!!! thanks 4 helping me!!!

[Mintie1990]

Its good i don't find you annoying either!

[NonameAbou]

Seriously, if I pass my Ap bio exam, it is because of you! Thanks so much!

[ankit383]

@NonameAbou Oh you'll easily pass, Im using this vids for a 5 :)

[apdoblackpearl]

i notice u don't use the IUPAC method of naming compounds , have u ever considered?

[GriboedovAnton]

@apdoblackpearl

it's not necessary to use iupac in biology. iupac makes it harder to remember.

[mebich1]

can you be my professor my professor sucks

[vbgirl1352]

this was sooo helpful. i have a test on this on monday and this helped me review so much. THANK YOU

[dnanalahcnap]

nature is beautiful!

[88dragons88]

8:42 ATPs or AIDs?

[Cooljenga]

Yes I think we get that dark reactions occur in light so its a bad name.

[StaubiFusseli]

I bet in 50 years I still know that "Dark Reaction" is a reeeeal bad name for it ;-)

[stereochild18]

Thank you so much for this!

[tearsangelz]

Your colors make my day better.

[kevin05170]

thanks very much this series of vedio is very helpful ...

[SimonxSmiley]

i learn more on this than i do in my college courses... lol

[babycuddle2]

Best explanation I've had, thanks

[icunningham92]

Up until around 9:00pm last night, I was going to fail today's exam on Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis. Thank you for saving my ass!

[ebachman1]

@icunningham92 wait are you saying that was late?

[hmmmmusic]

This man is genius!! How do I nominate him for an award!??!

[Shirviu]

Thanks! Exam tomorrow, great help.

[popsiclezrock]

THANK YOU SOOO MUCH!!!

i have a bio exam tomorrow and i did not get it when my bio teacher taught it. thanks to you im gonna pass (at least the parts you taught me :P)

[soccerguy999999]

thank you so much!!! i didn't understand any of this in class. and after watching your videos i completely understand photosynthesis. you are a grade saver!

[bananabread95601]

thanks! i have a test tomorrow and have been trying to look for a way to study the material without it leaving my brain the moment i stop reading KUDOS!

[NovalisQ]

Thank you. I've got my test tomorrow, and I'm watching this videos over and over again, with my biology book on my knees, trying to translate everything properly ^^ But I think I get it! Thank you very much for help! Greetings from Poland :)

[IdiosoAmericano]

Tits? and yes good lesson

[jumpeygirl101]

Thank you so much! my ap teacher totally confused the hell out of me... this makes so much sense!!!

[piotrbukowski4321]

Saying that Calvin cycle is a light independent process is MISLEADING as light stimulates it indirectly. Examples:

1) light-induced pH changes in the stroma activate several enzymes which are crucial in the Calvin cycle (i.e. rubisco).

2) light-induced electron flow activates four enzymes which are used in the carbon dioxide fixation pathway by reducing disulfide bonds.

.

[goldeneye007662]

@piotrbukowski4321 But it does not directly require light.

[piotrbukowski4321]

@goldeneye007662 That is exactly my point . The mere fact that the Calvin cycle depends on light (inderectly, as I stated in my previous comment) make the whole process lightdependent. By the same token you wouldn't say that an active transport of protons into the thylakoid lumen during electron transport is lightindependent basing on the fact that light is not directly involved in the process (as the energy of the electrons is DIRECTLY used here).

[goldeneye007662]

@piotrbukowski4321 It's really semantics at this point.

When a molecule is reduced, electrons are gained, but the charge is made more negative.

it's all in phrasing.

But calling them light dependent, what would you call the ACTUAL light reactions?

[piotrbukowski4321]

I'm not sure if you get my point. Few years ago It was believed that light is not involved in the Calvin cycle at all so calling it a lightindepend process was perfectly valid. According to new reseach, however, light is a vital factor which stimulates the Calvin cycle substantially (in the way I mentioned above). I'm not saying, though, that the Calvin cycle should be called a lightdependent process.On the other hand saying that the whole process is lightindependent is even more incorrect.

[Chalmers4432]

@piotrbukowski4321

That is why the terminology "the dark reactions" is rarely used these days. People call it "the Calvin cycle," because the Calvin cycle indirectly uses light.

[drunkromance]

@piotrbukowski4321 regardless it's a much better title than dark reactions.

[Marasinhaz]

thank you soooooo much. i love this set of vedeos. i feel lucky cuz i foung this accidently. however now i don't have to worry about biology since there is the khan academy. thanks a lot. this is really helpful and very interesting to learn.

[Fatechopper]

Love your photosynthesis crash tutorial. Very nice!

[TheMiegonoriu]

this one was good but comparing with other his videos, this was not so clear, i think i get the point but i couldnt explain what is light independent reaction normaly i could tell just few things and thats it ;D

[kpolucha1]

amazing, thanks!! this will help with my bio final today

[dinosaursgorawrish]

this is so very helpful, especially with studying for finals this week. you seem to have a gift of making things seem simpler than they are.

[mpstlawrence]

Explained simply and elegantly. These videos are indispensable.

[Moonkey1337]

HOLY DAM! MY LIGHT BULB JUST WENT OFF! Thank you! :D My AP bio teacher can't teach...Dxx <333 :)

[moomoofishstick]

Just a heads up, The cyclic cycle reuses the electron in PS1 and NOT in PS2, so it doesnt reuse PQ it just uses Fd and Pc

[sumerbored]

You teach amazingly!! Thanks for helping me and also many other people. Keep on making great videos!

[jimmylaura123456789]

what hapens to the 2 oxygins in CO2

[whuaaaa]

8:44 did those 6 atp come from the light reactions, like at the beginning of the cycle when 12 atp from the light reactions made pgal

[11AirJordan]

Wow ! great video

[JellyCello]

thank you so much for this video! I could not understand my bio textbook and I was bored so I just came to check some videos to study with..It has been so helpful to me! I hope you can keep making more videos for us :)

[doodl3bugg13]

My teacher tried to pile on Light Dependant Reactions, The Calvin Cycle, Glycolysis, Fermentation, The Krebs Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain ALL IN TWO WEEKS. I didn't retain any of it, and now there's a test on all of it tomorrow, but thanks to you I think I can manage! Thank you so much!

[MrEric88888888]

i think this vid possibly saved my bio grade :)

[bandgeek551]

I just finished watching 4 videos of yours. They were all great & very helpful! I have a quiz tomorrow then a final test on Friday & I am definitely using your vids to study & review! Thanks a whole bunch, you've really helped me out a lot & I'm pretty sure a lot of other ppl feel the same way. xD

[halobed2]

i love u khanacademy:

[Aelfredus26]

Thanks for the videos!

[EoinCondon]

khan academy ftw...7:30 bio ftl i am never awake in class lol

[VannyCorny]

U JUST SAVED ME FROM FAILING MY EXAM!

[ambarr17]

Omg thank you so much :)

[jdellosa3871]

Sir, you have just saved me from failing cell biology and in turn possibly dropping out of university. Please, keep making your videos and I will definitely share this with my friends. In all honesty, you have taught this subject in the best way i have experienced. Thank you.

[JohnTheScienceGuy]

what happens to the Phosphate group attached to the PGAL??

[dustimus1]

How does the cell get the first set of RuBP?

[jabp891]

Bio exam tomorrow, this helped a lot! Idk if it's enough for me to remember, but at least I understand what's going on!

[warioking193]

you are a great teacher thumbs up and 2 people are stupid i am only in 9th grade so this helps me a lot in my bio class

[CaioBella15]

@warioking193 ya..me to. I'm taking 9th grade honors bio and our teacher is horrible!!

[MyboyCelticSteel786]

i thought only one pgal leaves

[YouSeeSaf]

@MyboyCelticSteel786 one leaves if you think of it as 3 CO2s, 3 RuBPs and therefore 6 PGALs (1 leaving, 5 recycled). He has thought of it as 6 CO2s, 6RUBPs and 12 PGALs because 2 are needed to make glucose so it ties in with eventually making glucose better :)

[Rocketsiscool]

The Man. Even lecturers cant explain it as good as he can

[DawnOfTheAcopalypse]

I wouldn't be surprised if you were a teacher, awesome job KEEP IT UP!

[Ophiuchus123456789]

Another question just hit me: -

Is there a rule to how much quantity the RuBp has at the end of each cycle?

Does it matter in the sense of how much RuBp is prepared for when the next CO2 group comes in for the next cycle?

[Ophiuchus123456789]

Something aobut the calvin cycle is pissing me off. Some websites and diagrams show only 3 carbon molecules from CO2 being necessary whilst other websites show 6 carbon molecules being necessary to make a six sugar phosphate glucose precursor.

Are there rules to this cycle? Can the cycle accept 12 carbon molecules and produce two glucose precursors or does it only filter 6 carbons at a time?

[hjgc22]

great explanation

:))

but .... not that awesome diagram!~

:)) though TY for this!

[kylaxile]

mga buang ... B O G O K....pa uto uto man mo ani ngets..

[rocketrobotzrobotz11]

im gr. 6

hhehehe

[rocketrobotzrobotz11]

COOL

12 PGAL=36 CARBON?

[luvcarna]

Thank you sir.:)

[edelweiss515]

Now I can easily report in class. I really understand it in just one watch!

[se7enluvr4evr]

you are extremely helpful! thank you SO much.

you explained what my biology professor could not; it's very much appreciated

[philli9889]

Amazing. Finally, education is adapting to the student and the student is utilizing computers and the internet, not an overpriced book, an uncomfortable desk, and a boring teacher. Bravo and cheers my friend. These "free" videos are much better than any science class I had at my extremely expensive four year college.

[justdoeat00539]

I thought the cycle use up 6 molecules of PGAL and recycle 5 PGAL and use ONE molecule to make sugar.....and generate only 3 ATPs....so you are saying we have to times all of them by two?

[juvenilitylyf]

@justdoeat00539 that's what my teacher said as well. However, you use 2 molecules of G3P or PGAL to make one glucose. Therefore i think it's one glucose per 2 cycles.

[XtreamFever]

@juvenilitylyf you have to remember multiple chloroplast are going on at the same time

[MehAwesomess]

A Very Good Explanation! I had trouble with this and with your video it helped me understand the concept. Thank You!

[xXLordchaosXx]

helpful is an UNDERSTATEMENT. why the hell am i going to school? lol i could just skip out and learn from u then go back for exams!!!

[kbartlett008]

WOW no one could explain this to me, and after this video i completly get it! READY FOR EXAMS! Thanks so much man

[Council13]

Who the hell gave this video a thumbs down? They deserve a cactus to be shoved so far up their butt that they'd start crying ATP and sweating out glucose.

[avahumphrey]

You are the BEST!!!!

[WookeFan]

svaka ti dala

[addicted2adventure]

Thank you!!! So much clearer than my professors notes

[MrAsnathan93]

Ur amazing!

[sina7077]

SUPERB

[samphils04]

this is great

[annieg1234567]

so helpful !!!!!!

[WindKayak]

plim*! and then, there was light!!

I don't know who is writting bio books,but they suck so bad.

Thank you,now i can move forward with my study

[crazyheart001]

i agree you are a genius ! this is the first time understand photosynthesis !

[josephmekhaiel]

Sal, your a supper genius from Mars!

[sajay101]

im studyin a-level biology. our teacher wasn't able to make us understand the light reaction fully and she told us to check videos on u-tube on this topic... we have only covered light reaction so far in class and after watching videos on this topic i already uderstand the whole photosynthesis.....

G R E A T T E A C H E R........

[UGLYRAED]

@sajay101

Hope you did well. I will be doing the same thing this year :)

[Kn1ghtSwitch]

I just had a final on this. Well that's convenient, I just discovered this today.

[crushystony]

thanks i had a lot of trouble for this  but you made it easy

[gracieJKLM]

first and second are such rude annoying comments..this guy is really helpful

[Aeynx]

it's final, sal knows everything.