I'm pretty sure I just saw a sybian in the background. You are officially my favourites and I would love to help you sometime with shoots. lol. I can only imagine what you beautiful people get into aside from these tutorials. God bless you all!! Awesome!
As for finding models, for me it is usually ask and ye shall receive but you may not be asking the right way. Be upfront about what you are looking for in a model and what they will get in return. Also make sure all your messages are professional. I have seen many where words are misspelled and the grammar is awful. There are several websites you can look at to find models in your area and many of them are willing to work for prints. I have used ModelMayhem several times with great results.
Great information as always. @fret2424 removing the softboxes and umbrellas I believe was to show that you do not need all that stuff to get great photos. 6 speedlights would be very expensive if you buy the good ones and I really do not see the need for more than 4. The L lens is all about sharpness and quality of the photo and if you have never used one then you are really missing out.
@fret2424 - if you have a point and shoot camera and a nice window in shaded side of the building you can do great phtoso, without even using a flash, but just a reflector, you have to manage with what you have. L lens does not make this photo, it is the light you have to see and use.
Hallo,es ist ja interessant, Du sprichst in allen Videos über die Nutzung von Spedlite , und man sieht doch die Studio-Blitzkopfe mit SoBo auf dem Boden liegend. (Time 2:02 oder 2:38 min).. Im Übrigend finde deine Arbeiten als interessant und gekonnt. Vor allem deine freundliche Art macht es so sympatisch. Gruß.
@FreePhotographyTips you're welcome at any time :)) Carnival time is of the greatest display of our culture creativity and local cuisine, visit Maracas Beach and then head on over to Tobago to cool down and enjoy their hospitality , beautiful beaches and their famous 'curried crab and dumplings' :)))))
worked perfectly though it took me a while to properly sort it out!! had to allow for exposure ratio in the shot but dang the lighting of the subject was soft and not like i normally have it white wash effect can't wait for more tips!!!!!
@sKIPper76M 1:8 Ratio means that Group B is 3 stops more than Group A. Remember that 1 stop means either doubling the light or cutting it in half depending on which direction you go, so 1:2 ratio = 1 stop difference, 1:4 = 2 stops difference and 1:8 = 3 stops difference. Since you have 580EXII, 430EX and 300ws strobe, you may want to use the 580 & 430 for background lights and meter them 3 stops brighter than your main light. Hope this helps.
Sorry, I'm a bit confused. Is the background 8 stops brighter than the light on the subject? From what I have read, it only usually takes 1.5 - 2 stops more to completely blow out the background into pure white. I have a 580EXII, 430EX, 300ws strobe, and a Sekonic flash meter. Want to try this technique but need to know the lighting ratios. Thanks!
Preparing my studio right now and doing the James Bond jump in a moment. BTW: you got a very beautiful model there and I really like your tips on flashing.
Thanks Michael for this great Video. I'm jealous about your gorgeous models. I want to shoot more but I have not so beautiful girls like you who want to shoot....bad situation :-/
@TingRoger I'm sure that would be looking cool. In the original sandwich lighting setup it was all about underexposing the model. Thus such a light would have decreased the crispy contrast. But nethertheless. Try it out. I'm quite confident it will work fine.
@leo140485 Was about to post this very same thing. Boy she got ass!!! But the technique in this vid is great as well. Best of both worlds really. Well done!
welcome back great videos as usual! Btw can you make a video regarding the "zoom" feature of the speed lights? Still puzzled by how much diff does it make. Thanks!
@dxjackson Awesome idea! It's actually quite some difference. If you zoom to 105, then the beam is much more narrow. Less light scattering around, making the light a bit more contrasty and harder. When you use umbrellas, then give it a try and make a big, frontal photo of your umbrella. Then you see if you zoomed out enough in order to make use of your complete umbrella, or if you are too tight and you only light a portion of it.
Awesome job, Michael. GREAT video. I have a question about specificity that I think would be a great followup video...
Could you literally walk us through the placement: how far are the speedlights from each other. At what relative angles are the speedlight's pointing. Was the model on the midpoint of the hypotenuse as you sketched, or somewhere else..? Awesome awesome video. *high five*
@OzBudgetBeauty 9 feet was the magic distance in this case :-) Have a look at SmokingStrobes . com/SimpleLighting . There I posted the lighting diagram and I think that shows pretty exactly how this was setup. Note how the two back speedlites are pointing at EACHOTHER and not at the model
@samuelotumante Sure. However, if you replace the front speedlight by the D700 build in flash, then it's probably not quite the same. Do you have a large reflector? You can try replacing the front speedlight by a large reflector.
Hello, I subscribed to your channel because I saw that one amazing photo in another video of yours. This video is amazing, and the photos continue to amaze me. I will recreate a photoshoot like this once I get my hands on 2 more flashguns (I only have one at the moment.) Keep up the good work.
very cool, awesome video, your technique is amazing and yet so simple. i need more speedlights to perform this type of photo shoot. can't wait for the next one.
Absolutely beautiful photos....thank you for the tips.
I watch a lot of your videos.....all very good.
Of course i don't need to tell you that......execellent.
swain99 6 days ago
Toataly bad ass!! Your videos are informative, entertaining and well... the subject mater is just exceptional! You rock Cousin...
golfnstuf 1 week ago
Really stunning!
AxelVonGardan 2 weeks ago
thanx cousin
SBVProductions004 3 weeks ago
Extremely simple but effective!
Philstepson 4 weeks ago
wow that is bad ass i am going to try this soon
silhouetteangelphoto 1 month ago
the photog is very inspiring
vergarcia0831 1 month ago
this works cousin, this works. i am motivated.
kwamepooe 1 month ago
2:44 and they say J-Lo's ass is nice!
007onlytaller 1 month ago
WoW thats your Wife???? she is hotter than last model!!!! love your work and way of telling it :o)
MrWickedShots 1 month ago 4
Simply amazing, I'm learning a lot watching this.
pixelkris 1 month ago
AMAZINGLY GORGEOUS models and photos!! good work! and great video!
scubaviper21 1 month ago
I want to know what type of stands your using on your speed lights?
2Devinmay 1 month ago
I'm pretty sure I just saw a sybian in the background. You are officially my favourites and I would love to help you sometime with shoots. lol. I can only imagine what you beautiful people get into aside from these tutorials. God bless you all!! Awesome!
heartdoc25 1 month ago in playlist More videos from FreePhotographyTips
Great tutorial... Are you doing post editing of the photos ? Or as shot ?
justinedgington 1 month ago
well done. good series!
photographix100 1 month ago
love your shots
jbx907 1 month ago
Bad ass photo-shoot cousin!
vhellis 1 month ago
Yo cuzin shout out from the USA. Just want to give give you big ups and thank you for the fly videos. Keep them coming. peace
mufasah1 2 months ago
man hört das du deutsch bist und das macht es für mich leichter zu verstehen, als wenn jemand so schnell redet
MrThereal3 2 months ago
thanks for this encouraging video!! Will do it!!!
itsnowman 2 months ago
Im gonna say bad ass...great tutorial once again, thank you
rogburg 2 months ago
As for finding models, for me it is usually ask and ye shall receive but you may not be asking the right way. Be upfront about what you are looking for in a model and what they will get in return. Also make sure all your messages are professional. I have seen many where words are misspelled and the grammar is awful. There are several websites you can look at to find models in your area and many of them are willing to work for prints. I have used ModelMayhem several times with great results.
risbill1 2 months ago
@risbill1 hanks for the tip..Is model Mayhem in every country? - I live in Malaysia.
CRANKYONE100 1 month ago
Great information as always. @fret2424 removing the softboxes and umbrellas I believe was to show that you do not need all that stuff to get great photos. 6 speedlights would be very expensive if you buy the good ones and I really do not see the need for more than 4. The L lens is all about sharpness and quality of the photo and if you have never used one then you are really missing out.
risbill1 2 months ago
•Removing the soft boxes and umbrellas was pointless since those are the least expensive tools involved.
•If one can afford 3 speedlites, 4 to 6 speedlites wouldn't seem to be an issue.
•It's still difficult to get vollenteer models if you're just building a portfolio.
How about you ditch the L lenses and do a shoot with a decent fixed lens camera?
I don't mean to sound too critical, and am happy to see you back, but it is what it is!
fret2424 2 months ago
@fret2424 - if you have a point and shoot camera and a nice window in shaded side of the building you can do great phtoso, without even using a flash, but just a reflector, you have to manage with what you have. L lens does not make this photo, it is the light you have to see and use.
DialFvideos 2 months ago
Great work. Your so right on speedlights can do so much.
DigitalShooting101 2 months ago
Hey Cousin Michael,
If you are ever in Minneapolis, MN, USA give me a shout. Would love to have you to the studio and share ideas, store, and host a shoot.
:) Dave
VenslandPhotography 2 months ago
Hallo,es ist ja interessant, Du sprichst in allen Videos über die Nutzung von Spedlite , und man sieht doch die Studio-Blitzkopfe mit SoBo auf dem Boden liegend. (Time 2:02 oder 2:38 min).. Im Übrigend finde deine Arbeiten als interessant und gekonnt. Vor allem deine freundliche Art macht es so sympatisch. Gruß.
aspia11 2 months ago
Your tips are always very good! thanks so much for sharing... btw your wife is really beautiful!
aquaphotoboy 2 months ago
@FreePhotographyTips you're welcome at any time :)) Carnival time is of the greatest display of our culture creativity and local cuisine, visit Maracas Beach and then head on over to Tobago to cool down and enjoy their hospitality , beautiful beaches and their famous 'curried crab and dumplings' :)))))
STEPPHAN7 2 months ago
wow
indigofilmjesper 2 months ago
worked perfectly though it took me a while to properly sort it out!! had to allow for exposure ratio in the shot but dang the lighting of the subject was soft and not like i normally have it white wash effect can't wait for more tips!!!!!
yabbayabbadoooh 2 months ago
Hello form Trinidad and Tobago:))
Bad Ass Tutorial n results!!
STEPPHAN7 2 months ago
@STEPPHAN7 I'd love to visit Trinidad one day
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
bad ass
tomtafola 2 months ago in playlist More videos from FreePhotographyTips
You are the most awesome and creative photographer I've seen!
faheemkhans 2 months ago
@faheemkhans I don't believe that. But thanks anyway :-)
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
@sKIPper76M 1:8 Ratio means that Group B is 3 stops more than Group A. Remember that 1 stop means either doubling the light or cutting it in half depending on which direction you go, so 1:2 ratio = 1 stop difference, 1:4 = 2 stops difference and 1:8 = 3 stops difference. Since you have 580EXII, 430EX and 300ws strobe, you may want to use the 580 & 430 for background lights and meter them 3 stops brighter than your main light. Hope this helps.
vjagdhari 2 months ago
@vjagdhari Excellent explanation. Thanks a ton!
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
Great advice, as always, and I have to tell your wife is simply gorgeous! Lucky you ;)
JeanV1986 3 months ago
@JeanV1986 Thanks for the compliment
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
happy to see you making videos again, very nice!!
lopezae33 3 months ago
@lopezae33 I am glad I have some time for posting videos again
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
Sorry, I'm a bit confused. Is the background 8 stops brighter than the light on the subject? From what I have read, it only usually takes 1.5 - 2 stops more to completely blow out the background into pure white. I have a 580EXII, 430EX, 300ws strobe, and a Sekonic flash meter. Want to try this technique but need to know the lighting ratios. Thanks!
sKIPper76M 3 months ago
@sKIPper76M I agree...Usually u'll find that the higher the background lights the milkier ur subject will turn out...
for that crisp look, 1/2 - 1 stop and no more should produce that crisp subject and still blow out the background enough.
then again...He is providing a tutorial for just speedlights, trial and error, everyones different, see what works for you and ur setup.
sypher86 3 months ago
@sKIPper76M While @vjagdhari explained the fundamentals, I'd like to add, that the model is quite a bit underexposed in my example.
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
Im so glad you're back. You had me worried. I've learned so much from you and I want to Thank You for sharing with us.
Photographybyjay 3 months ago
@Photographybyjay I am glad you are still watching
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
Welcome back! Good work, cuz... ^_^
YouLaToya 3 months ago
@YouLaToya Thank you
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
nice keep up the good work on you tube:)
mwsi7128 3 months ago
@mwsi7128 I'll try my best
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
I like the warning that "this video might piss you off". It did the opposite for me! :) Keep up the great work! Cheers.
onetamer 3 months ago
@onetamer Glad you take it that way :-)
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
i like when a professional shows and talks simple, thank you
Eli666Ms 3 months ago
@Eli666Ms Awesome. This motivates me
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
Preparing my studio right now and doing the James Bond jump in a moment. BTW: you got a very beautiful model there and I really like your tips on flashing.
mariokluser 3 months ago in playlist Liked videos
@mariokluser I hope I can add something to your photography. That would make me happy
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
@FreePhotographyTips
You really add something. I work with 3 studio strobes and had to fiddle around a little but got the proper result very fast. You know your stuff!
Maybe you can make a tutorial on how to get some of these beautiful models :-)
mariokluser 2 months ago
Thanks Michael for this great Video. I'm jealous about your gorgeous models. I want to shoot more but I have not so beautiful girls like you who want to shoot....bad situation :-/
OliverHeuschele 3 months ago
@OliverHeuschele Hahaha, don't worry. The social networks are full of beautiful potential models. Keep proposing cool shoots to them.
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
das erste video das ich von dir gesehen habe und 2 sekunden nachdem ich dienen ersten setz gehört hatte hab ih nur gedacht
ist der deutsch?
LightLink1992 3 months ago
@LightLink1992 Yes, that's right. And soon I'll even release new videos in German.
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
@FreePhotographyTips
I speak German as well and I guess we have similar accents. I suggest keep it in English to serve all of your audience.
mariokluser 2 months ago
I love your stuff and your sense of humor...I appreciate the help
willpower520 3 months ago
@willpower520 Thank you so much for your kind words
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
without looking on your channel I was sure that you are a german "ja" :D
34TR3m 3 months ago
@34TR3m Hahaha, can't hide it
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
Great video! Very glad that you're back!
NEOLiNES 3 months ago
@NEOLiNES I'm quite glad there are still some people who are watching my tutorials
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
I would love to add a light above the model ... may be 1/4 power of the key light or something and probably with a light box.
TingRoger 3 months ago
@TingRoger I'm sure that would be looking cool. In the original sandwich lighting setup it was all about underexposing the model. Thus such a light would have decreased the crispy contrast. But nethertheless. Try it out. I'm quite confident it will work fine.
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
@FreePhotographyTips Oh! I did not see the other video. Will check those out too with under exposures .... I do like the contrast.
TingRoger 2 months ago
you wife's bottom is amazing
leo140485 3 months ago 16
@leo140485 Was about to post this very same thing. Boy she got ass!!! But the technique in this vid is great as well. Best of both worlds really. Well done!
artifical007 3 months ago
@artifical007 Thanks a ton, cousin!
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
i really like your videos, keep up the good work, subscribed!!!! 2 thumbs up :D
slykool 3 months ago
@slykool Yes, there's more stuff to come
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
Awesome vid and work. I love this keep up the great work
TightImages 3 months ago
@TightImages I am glad you like it
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
your work is awesome
1974dutchess 3 months ago
@1974dutchess I don't think so. But I like your compliment.
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
bad ass :)
1974dutchess 3 months ago
@1974dutchess Hahaha, hers you mean?
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
keep doing what you are doing .like i tell my friends its not the equipment but the artist using it.
trinniboy68 3 months ago
@trinniboy68 Exactly!
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
I have to try this. Thanks!
n3m3s1srulz 3 months ago
@n3m3s1srulz Yes, please try it. And post some results on my blog if you like!
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
again...just awesome...love youre stuff MZ!
rezjrprod 3 months ago
@rezjrprod Thank you, cousin!
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
Finally! Thanks for the video.
jerryhers 3 months ago
@jerryhers Yes, sorry, it took me a while...
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
Great video and just the kick I needed to get moving.
SeeMyPixels 3 months ago
@SeeMyPixels Awesome! Then let's get cracking!
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
Good one.thanks!
PotheGura 3 months ago
@PotheGura Thank you for watching!
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
Your a funny man and your accent rocks. Keep up the good work.
InFrameProduction 3 months ago
@InFrameProduction Thanks for bearing with my accent :-)
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
i like your wife :D
OpticHunter93 3 months ago 4
@OpticHunter93 Then I guess the photos aren't bad :-)
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
This is great! Going to try this asap
chrisliehmann 3 months ago
@chrisliehmann Yes, please give it a shoot
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
Excellent Video as always! Thanks for sharing! :)
youmantube2009 3 months ago
@youmantube2009 Thank you for watching!
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
great imformative gonna try this set up next sat !!!!
yabbayabbadoooh 3 months ago
@yabbayabbadoooh Had a chance to try it out already? How did it work for you?
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
Welcome back cousin, great stuff as usual.
PhotographyPrimer 3 months ago
@PhotographyPrimer Thanks for watching!
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
simple great, thanks for posting
chavarotti19 3 months ago
@chavarotti19 Thank you, cousin!
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
...nice and simple. Great job!!
garyingram1 3 months ago
@garyingram1 I would not say great, but it's good that you like it
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
great photographer thanks
ThePoacher1969 3 months ago
@ThePoacher1969 Hahah, no, I am really not a great photographer. I am lucky to have such a nice audience
FreePhotographyTips 2 months ago
Awesome! Thumbs Up!
PierrePieroh 3 months ago
@PierrePieroh Thank you, Pierre!
FreePhotographyTips 3 months ago
I need a kick up the photography ass! Great video, thanks!
AndyBJ 3 months ago
@AndyBJ Sure, schedule a shoot at the weekend! Thank you for watching!
FreePhotographyTips 3 months ago
Gimme more 1 light setups!!!!!! :)
remyramml 3 months ago
@remyramml Alright, I'll post some one light setups in the coming weeks
FreePhotographyTips 3 months ago
Welcome back Micheal and thanks for your video's.
MrRagesh3 3 months ago
@MrRagesh3 Thank you for watchint, cousin!
FreePhotographyTips 3 months ago
welcome back great videos as usual! Btw can you make a video regarding the "zoom" feature of the speed lights? Still puzzled by how much diff does it make. Thanks!
dxjackson 3 months ago
@dxjackson Awesome idea! It's actually quite some difference. If you zoom to 105, then the beam is much more narrow. Less light scattering around, making the light a bit more contrasty and harder. When you use umbrellas, then give it a try and make a big, frontal photo of your umbrella. Then you see if you zoomed out enough in order to make use of your complete umbrella, or if you are too tight and you only light a portion of it.
FreePhotographyTips 3 months ago
Welcome Back,,,,Great video once again....
moviecrazy808 3 months ago
@moviecrazy808 Great that you are watching
FreePhotographyTips 3 months ago
This is a great school for me. Thanks
topqsl 3 months ago
@topqsl cool! I hope you can make good use of it
FreePhotographyTips 3 months ago
u have great looking wife ! Great job Thanks for sharing
carlbertossi 3 months ago
@carlbertossi She's lovely, isn't she
FreePhotographyTips 3 months ago
@carlbertossi
carlbertossi 3 months ago
Totally Gorgeous ! Just started to shoot with a bunch of speedies :P
Keep updating new vids :P
vincylikes 3 months ago
@vincylikes Awesome. But even though in this video I don't use umbrellas... it's a good idea to get some of those as well
FreePhotographyTips 3 months ago
Awesome job, Michael. GREAT video. I have a question about specificity that I think would be a great followup video...
Could you literally walk us through the placement: how far are the speedlights from each other. At what relative angles are the speedlight's pointing. Was the model on the midpoint of the hypotenuse as you sketched, or somewhere else..? Awesome awesome video. *high five*
OzBudgetBeauty 3 months ago
@OzBudgetBeauty 9 feet was the magic distance in this case :-) Have a look at SmokingStrobes . com/SimpleLighting . There I posted the lighting diagram and I think that shows pretty exactly how this was setup. Note how the two back speedlites are pointing at EACHOTHER and not at the model
FreePhotographyTips 3 months ago
@FreePhotographyTips Thanks so much, Michael, for getting back to me. Keep up the amazing work.
OzBudgetBeauty 3 months ago
Beautiful! Bad-ass. I love your videos.
richylovesmovies 3 months ago
@richylovesmovies Thanks for your kind words
FreePhotographyTips 3 months ago
great to see you back!!!
avar66nl 3 months ago
hello mike can i do this shots wih my Nikon D700/70-200 (2.8) SB 600 and SB 900? this are the only stuffs that i have.
samuelotumante 3 months ago
@samuelotumante Sure. However, if you replace the front speedlight by the D700 build in flash, then it's probably not quite the same. Do you have a large reflector? You can try replacing the front speedlight by a large reflector.
FreePhotographyTips 3 months ago
Hello, I subscribed to your channel because I saw that one amazing photo in another video of yours. This video is amazing, and the photos continue to amaze me. I will recreate a photoshoot like this once I get my hands on 2 more flashguns (I only have one at the moment.) Keep up the good work.
kbudiarto 3 months ago
@kbudiarto Awesome! And if you are on a budget, then 2 good Yongnuos 560's will do
FreePhotographyTips 3 months ago
Oooh stick figures!! LOVE IT
kwaky2005 3 months ago
@kwaky2005 Thank you!
FreePhotographyTips 3 months ago
Bad Ass
Schnitzer17 3 months ago
@Schnitzer17 Thanks a lot
FreePhotographyTips 3 months ago
You are Bad Azz!! :D
mssissyphancypants 3 months ago
@mssissyphancypants Thank you so much!
FreePhotographyTips 3 months ago
Love the videos man!
mrmaltvinegar 3 months ago
@mrmaltvinegar That makes me happy!
FreePhotographyTips 3 months ago
awesome vids man, congrats!
djsaian6 3 months ago
@djsaian6 I am glad you like it
FreePhotographyTips 3 months ago
very cool, awesome video, your technique is amazing and yet so simple. i need more speedlights to perform this type of photo shoot. can't wait for the next one.
nikonone2000 3 months ago
@nikonone2000 Can you ebay yourself some Yongnuo 560's?
FreePhotographyTips 3 months ago
"are the photos bad? or are they bad ass?"
this guy is the king.
underweightHater 3 months ago
Really nice video! Thanks for taking the time to make it.
At the end of the day his 100% right, good photos wont just
happen, its up to us to make effort to make something happen.
thanks
rob781 3 months ago
So I love to have 70 - 200mm (saving up for it) so what could you do with 100-300 or 28-135?
ephoto09 3 months ago
WOW, its like Christmas!!!!
So glad to have you back, never leave again!!
ephoto09 3 months ago
I love Ur instructions and Technic. I have missed Ur videos for a while and I am glade you are still here, Thank you for a come back!
trich8206 3 months ago
YAY more new vids :D
spikyhead180 3 months ago
Glad you're back, mate!
mikemarin106 3 months ago
Thank you!!! It has been a looooong time man.
loungekingfilms 3 months ago
Thanks keep them coming.
peely64 3 months ago
does your wife have a twin or a sister? =D
DLag81290 3 months ago
YES! I've been anticipating your return!
toin9898 3 months ago
I photograph my bronzes.. I'll try this set up for them next time I have one to photograph... thank you so much
clayguy1 3 months ago
It's about time. Welcome back Michael.
nda42831 3 months ago
Glad you are back, always find your videos incredibly informative and inspirational :D
cherrydeath 3 months ago
dog that's yo wife? daayyum
Racerdew 3 months ago 2
it resonates with me as hell :) I'm super thankful for your precious tutorials. awesome
spontanp 3 months ago
THIS IS YOUR WIFE= YOU ARE THE MAN!!!!!!!!
GsusMachiaveliko 3 months ago 2