How To Make Ethanol Work - Presented by The Auto Channel

[TheAutoChannel]

@redhat123456789

Ethanol is sort of a joke, but the butt of the joke is you and others like you who believe the lies and gross distortions spread by the oil-gasoline industry, as you set forth in your earlier message. Ethanol always was, and always will be a better, safer, cheaper, more environmentally friendly engine fuel than gasoline will ever be.

You, you're just a dumb schmuck.

[ExacavatoroftheWest]

Water powered cars are here. This technology is 1980s shit. Use a time machine to sell this crap. We don't need it. Corn is for eating and drinking. The evil elites are starving people to death. The demand for corn is unnaturally high increasing the cost of animal feed and grocery store prices.

The elites want people to starve or be vegetarians. You can eat tofu, I want my beef and pork. SMDH.

[TheAutoChannel]

@ExacavatoroftheWest

You have absolutely no...NO...idea of what you are talking about. None. In other words, zero true facts. You are devoid of any knowledge with any ring of truth to it.

Oh yeah, did I say that you don't know what you are talking about?

[IndyFan53]

@ReasonDefender. My car is already fuel flexible. I make my lawn mower run on it by priming it a few extra times. It doesn't always start right away, but to avoid that, I either use a little STP with the fuel or run the mower on a 50/50 blend is gas and E85.

[IndyFan53]

@ReasonDefender

[joralebedev]

The problem with flex fuel vehicles is that they don't take advantage of the higher octane that ethanol has (105-107 vs. 80's-90's for gasoline) by using higher compression engines. If they did that, the efficiency difference between the two fuels would shrink considerably. This compression vs. octane concept is one of the most basic in internal combustion engine technology yet you never hear it mentioned with regards to ethanol... why is that?

[IndyFan53]

I run my car and my lawn mower on ethanol and I have no issues with it. It would be great if we use more celluose to make this fuel. They also plan to build a pipeline system for it, which would make it more accessible.

[ReasonDefender]

@IndyFan53

Do you need to make any adjustments to your vehicle or lawn mower in order to use ethanol?

[mikehanoo33]

In fact, its oil that has a negative EROEI. Because oil is both the raw material and the energy source for production of gasoline, it comes out to about 20% negative. Thats just common sense; some of the oil is itself used up in the process of refining and delivering it (from the Persian Gulf, a distance of 11,000 miles in tanker travel).

[aaronready1]

i've been driving my 93 dodge dakota with NO conversion for the last six months on 60% ethanol (which is 50 cents cheaper where i live) and my truck runs great with it! quieter, smoother. And the ethanol is produces in my state. Check out David Blume...he's the man...

[emforty2]

growing plant for biofuel will just switch the pollution to the land[soil] and water instead of the Air.

pick your choice petrol or biofuel you ain't gonna win.

btw cars are only 20~30% efficient the 70% of energy is used[ converted] to heat and gets blown out of the tailpipe and the rest the heating of the radiator coolant LOL !!

[TheAutoChannel]

@emforty2

Your information is totally incorrect. We are LOL at you.

[fieldman07]

Corn ethanol does cost more but does sugar and others really compete? I noticed that this vid mentioned taxes and subsidies, and if you tax gasoline enough then of course prices will go up enough that gas will no longer be economical.

So is sugarcane and all really cheaper or were they made cheaper by government intervention?

Please don't leave any messages on how im a capitalist pig who wants to trash the planet. Im curious and I would really like to know.

[miutube474]

If you're really worried about the price of food going up, let's forget corn ethanol and focus on commercial food wastes. All those fries thrown out at McD's, doughnuts from Dunkin and Crispy Cream, Twinkies that aren't pretty enough, etc. All ethanol needs is a starch or sugar so it can be made from wastes just as easily as from grain, often easier.

[eifersucht2]

turn our food crop into something we can use to drive around with. JEENYOUS EYEDEA

[proaudiohd]

corn ethanol has the worst energy return on energy invested - of any liquid fuel.

[switchgrassfuel]

@proaudiohd i take it you have never looked into tar sands if you think ethanol is the worst.

[proaudiohd]

@switchgrassfuel - Imported Saudi oil is great at 40:1. Tar sand is not very good, at about 2:1. But corn ethanol is far worse.. not even breakeven. We expend more than a barrel of oil to get a barrel of ethanol. It's only subsidized to help the corn farmers. Even corn for food is so energy intensive it has to be subsidized for the farmer to break even. We are just pumping petrochemicals onto dead soil. Electric cars are MUCH more efficient, and the fuel sources more diverse.

[switchgrassfuel]

@proaudiohd I thought corn was overproduced and need subsidy wen it got to lo costing way more than the money they give to oil companies to subsidies ethanol. but I am not a fan of subsidies. I think if you subtract all subsidies for oil and ethanol ethanol is cheaper. the volt car on a full charge is suppose to go only 40 miles, a couple of gallons of ethanol has more energy stored in it than that for a car that size. now i am a big fan of electric also but it might need some help.

[mikehanoo33]

@proaudiohd The most exhaustive study on ethanols EROEI, by Isaias de Carvalho Macedo, shows an alcohol energy return of more than eight units of output for every unit of input—and this study accounts for everything right down to smelting the ore to make the steel for tractors.

[aaronlovespot]

this is so stupid people come on have you heard of water fuel cells? no wonder why? you are all brainwashed by lies.

[johnyb553]

lol u r so touchy, lol u take offence over a vid? lol u misinterpritate alot u know!

[bcubed72]

The hydrogen derived from water takes ENERGY to produce...MORE energy than it gives off when burned. That energy has to come from somewhere else...like petroleum?

The much-praised "fuel cell" is just a glorified battery!

[proaudiohd]

thank you! I wish more people were raising this point. Its a total waste of time to bother with the intermediate step of hydrogen. Just put the electricity straight into a battery.

[johnyb553]

ethanol is removed as a side waste in the beer industry, and it can also be engineerd from rubish that usualy goes into landfill sites, theres loads of info about this all around then internet! 5* vid

[codehead1]

>In my world Ethanol does make a difference

>I know I can smell the difference.

Ethanol produces emissions that are more toxic than gasoline (search: ethanol toxic stanford).

Ethanol produces as much co2 per vehicle mile as gasoline, but the idea is that growing it (corn, switchgrass) offsets it by sequestration. New studies show that more co2 is released in the land-use changes required, so the net is that it's worse than gasoline (search: ethanol co2 science magazine).

[philly2210]

You forgot to mention that it is an inverse power source where it takes more energy to produce it than it produces when you burn it and that you use more ethanol in your car to drive any distance than you use when you use gas.

[seededsoul]

Yes...when we make it from Corn. Corn Ethanol = a pretty bad idea. However, Brazillian sugarcane ethanol is produced without using a lot of oil in production, it is efficient.

The US needs to stop wasting money subsidizing corn ethanol to satisfy the corn lobby, and instead dedicate that money to research on cellulosic ethanol, ethanol derived from raw plant materials (not from sugar/corn). This will yield a lot more per acre.

[switchgrassfuel]

@philly2210 it doesn't take more energy to make ethanol than it produces. that is just BS that oil companies want you to believe.

[rllang01]

@switchgrassfuel If it is true that ethanol takes more energy than it produces then the oil companies would be in favor of it. because they would be selling more of their product.

[ChrisBennett18]

ok here are my questions we can ween off of oil just say its gasoline and just put nothing but ethanol but there is a problem my lawn mower it cant run on ethanol or it will eat away the pipe line in the lawn mower and ruin it so thats the biggest problem with ethanol

[2007realitycheck]

there are many other internal combustion engines, including those in motorcycles, lawn mowers, trimmers and numerous other devices which have become necessary for modern life. Even if automakers are able to ensure that their engines are not harmed by ethanol-blends, small engine manufacturers may not be able to do the same. MSNBC has polled a handful of small engine mechanics and each of them cite internal engine damage, which they claim can be attributed to the use of alcohol fuels.

[leepastrana]

please can we get this ball rolling here in UK... Brazil, you guys rock. USA... you rock too!

My Dodge ram is thirsty! ;)

[tri400]

Jatropha oil is being used in India and Phillipines now. Jatropha plans grow in WASTELAND not proper farmland.

Beat that!

[Juanitotrucupey]

can you convert a regular car to run off ethanol?

[altry2]

And the best part is:...ETHANOL DOESN'T DO JACK!!! THEY'RE COMPLETELY FUCKING WITH US!!! YOU GET THE SAME GAS MILEAGE WHETHER YOU USE 9 GALLONS OF GAS PLUS AS MUCH ETHANOL AS YOU WANT OR IF YOU ONLY USE 9 GALLONS OF PLAIN GAS! UNLESS YOU HAVE SOME FANCY JACK CAR THAT MOST PEOPLE DON'T FUCKING HAVE AND YET WE HAVE TO BUY IT MIXED IN WITH NORMAL FUEL!

[torres585]

One major reason I don't support ethanol is because it distorts the world markets and undermines other peoples' costs.

[MotherOfAllBombs1]

If everyone dowsized their cars to city cars you can alleviate the problem but not solve it, better than nothing

[damianpaonejazz]

If everyone moved to solar, wind, hydro or geothermal and converted their cars to be powered electrically by one or more of these renewable energies then we would all have total energy independence.

Ethanol was a plan designed to fail by the gov and BIG OIL because they don't want you off of the OIL nipple that they want you to suck dry and line their pockets with more gold.

[jmjfanss]

That would be done, if we kick government of out of your life, get goverment out of it and that will happen.

[jim8770]

You must not know that much about ethanol then. Ethanol is the biggest joke. If it wasn't for the government subsidies being pumped into the ethanol industry,it could not possibly survive in the market.

[damianpaonejazz]

jim8770 i think you replied to the wrong person. Read my comments. All of them. I already said all of that and I already knew that from the start. Further you made a blanket statement about American farmers. As many American farmers there are good at what they do there as as many that exploit the system. Further more I suggest you go outside of the US and look around.

[damianpaonejazz]

For decades other country's have far surpassed the US in farming and growing. They are far more forward thinking than US farmers though now, finally, the US is catching up. I am a certified Master Gardner and have worked with farmers both here and abroad. My opinion is not without merit. Ethanol was a plan designed to fail so they could say "we tried to go green" and continue their use of oil. Read all of my comments, you're way off base directing this comment at me. Way off.

[limuaib]

a very very very bad idea!

To make ethanol only for the cars belonging to Brazil a massive Amazonian area as large as France has been devastated. After the US decision to make ethanol for cars, flour and other carbohydrate containing food (mais)doubled their price. Since there is still people living with 2-3 dollars/day just imagine what can happen!

[rboos]

Wrong. The forest is in fact being destroyed, but to breed cattle. Brazil is using only 2% of its available area to grow sugar cane (alcohol). The mith of food price going up is a marketing strategy of OPEC and oil companies... If using alcohol made food prices go up, Brazil wood be already starving, we use alcohol to run our cars for 30 years now..

It is just like saying we cannot use Hydrogen fueled cars because Earth will lack in water, in a planet that is 3/4ths ocean...

Time will tell...

[limuaib]

Methane is the future!! Leave carbohydrates for food

[daltonagre]

My family has two ethanol cars.Both are very good.

[pandp97]

My family also has two ethanol cars and I have the E85 delivered to me in two 55 gallon barrels every other month. Works great!

[rboos]

I also have 2 alcohol fueled cars, they have 10HP over the same model that uses gas. They polute less, and your country will avoid importing oil. Best of all, since they are flex-fueled, you can run any percentage of gas+alcohol. I run alcohol only. Renewable energy is great!

[pandp97]

We must, as a country, do what we can to support the shift from an oil-based economy to an alcohol-based economy. The competition alone between oil & alcohol (ethanol and methanol) will drive prices down and help to keep our dollars out of the hands of radical regimes -- i.e. Saudi Arabia, Iran, etc.

[damianpaonejazz]

You can do your part to support renewable energies by powering your house with one or both: solar, wind. Find out the companies that provide this in your local area and call then to have them come and do a free evaluation for you.

[jimbojones98756]

you cant make jet fuel from ethanol. Thats why the us wants to reduce oil consumption. There is enough oil to keep the energy going for many years we need to move toward renewable energy but its no crisis.

[videoaccess001]

"no crisis"? In 20 years prices will sky rocket and the volume being produced will fall: so far every building is built using oil machines, our food and parcels come to us using oil engines, flying anywhere consumes oil. Nations will attack other nations to maintain their power. Maybe we'll have alternate energy, but I doubt it will be wide spread by the time the crunch starts.

[jimbojones98756]

Oh crap the sky is falling you soud like chicken little Trust me the only crisis is the oil barons are hiking prices and claiming there is a shortage look at the facts there is more il out therethan you think i agree we should cut consumption and move towards a more friendly fuel but we are not going to run out of oil in the next hundered years. The wars are going to be fought to keep third world nations from developing aswell as over oil fields Im on your side but dont anic

[videoaccess001]

I respect the fact that I should not panic now. So should I just wait 20 years or so for it to be too late. By then the greedy governments will make it so expensive for civilians or will be fighting other countries for it. I agree the barons are already doing it but why let it shock us when its too late to do anything. We should start living as if its almost gone now.

I do respect your point though, and honestly I'm really not panicked or afraid. But I think its stupid to assume its all ok.

[jimbojones98756]

ya I agree lets start Growing hemp It is the best source for fuel I just hate all the propaganda that is being spread I want the truth and you have to be very sceptical I think I have a good Idea what is really going on and no matter what i think its the end of the line for us pal. I hope not

[videoaccess001]

Since 1890 we've used 1tril barrels of oil. There may be 2-3tril remaining, and they will not last as long as the 1 did. The only reason oil might last more than 20 years is because we cannot get to it easy enough. There are small pits in rough areas that cost more to develop and will not last long. This causes the prices to rise and demand to strain the world.

What do you think cause the recession of 1973?

TH[]INK

[T850CSM101a1676]

Oh yeah, if you get tempted to add some polystyrene to the mix because it may not be that viscous, watch out. You're basically making napalm!

PLEASE, don't fucking burn down your neighborhood!

[T850CSM101a1676]

Corn ethanol is inefficient, but that sugar ethanol is almost perfect! All you need to do is add some benzene to give it a high octane flavor, and you're set!

Just don't tell the ATF, ethanol is basically an intoxicating substance. I've been distilling it since I was 17. 21 my ass, ahahahahahahaaaaaa!!!!!

[dcat13]

I have a friend in Sao Paulo Brazil. He has 5 cars. His, the wife and three trucks. None of them are consuming gasoline. He made it for himself priority not to use or use minimal amount of petrol products. Third world countries can produce ethanol on the side of food production. Hunger and oil dependency could be eliminated.

[dcat13]

I love the part that some people would die before even think about other fuel sources than petrol.

Also I wonder how many people and scientist are on the net working for big oil.

[edy48]

grey falcon go fuck you self you are just another arrogant fucking american.

[greyflcn]

==grey falcon go fuck you self you are just another arrogant fucking american.==

Just stating the facts.

==im getting a flexfuel car F*** the oil companys==

Well good luck with that.

greyfalcon. net/ dilbert2.png

greyfalcon. net/ e85stations.png

According to this government ^ report, 1% of all ethanol in 2006 was sold as E85

[reddog714]

im getting a flexfuel car F*** the oil companys

[greyflcn]

1. Brazil gets almost all their fuel from petroleum

greyfalcon. net/ brazil

2. Brazil consumes 7x less fuel per capita than America

greyfalcon. net/ brazil2

3. Brazil drills for their petroleum off the Brazilian coast.

greyfalcon. net/ brazil3

[123GiantPanda]

E85 has too many long-term side effects (not on the car, but the world). We should get more energy from wind and solar that we can use to power electric cars.

[dcat13]

The world have a problem disposing laptop and cellphone batteries. have you thought about the ones for the cars?

The long term side effects of ethanol is better than the side effects on oil. Both environment and world politics.

[2007realitycheck]

Have you considered the problem of disposing of equipment and vehicles destroyed by ethanol? Even according to the E85 proponents, ethanol destroys rubber gaskets and hoses, aluminum, plastics, brass, copper, etc.

[SolarAmp]

Hello Realitycheck,

E85 and E100 fuels will damage components. E10 in vehicles made after about 1995 will run fine on E10 which is common fuel now at many stations in the USA. The infrastructure to dispose of the components is the same as what we have now. We just to weed out obsolete technologies.

[2007realitycheck]

$92 billion subsidy by US taxpayers for biofuel (2006-2012). Ethanol is corrosive; absorbs water; can't be pipeline shipped; has a 90-day shelf-life; deteriorates metals, rubber, plastics, fiberglass; is conductive. We pay 5 times for ethanol: at the pump; with subsidies; higher food cost; replacing powered equipment; loss of safety by failed equipment (vehicles, boats, tools). Biodiesel isn't much better and causes loss of viscosity, growth of biological contamination.

[dcat13]

You made the point that there are issues to work on. But the higher food cost and the rest is straight forward BS!

The US does not need to produce. Third world countries can produce cheaper and on the side of food production. Read a few related articles that are not paid bu big oil, please.

[2007realitycheck]

My sources are the DOE, IISD (International Institute for Sustainable Development), scientific journals, American Breast Cancer Society, and others.

[jim8770]

I agree. People can't seem to get it that without the subsidies, ethanol would be gone in a heartbeat. It just can't survive in the market.

[jackthekrakan]

cellulose ethanol has the potential to have an energy out put 36 time greater than that of gasoline with the same co2 emissions. sited by national geographic October 2007

[greyflcn]

==cellulose ethanol has the potential to have an energy out put 36 time greater than that of gasoline with the same co2 emissions. sited by national geographic October 2007==

I read that article. Was kinda funny. I suggest you shouldn't get your science from magazines.

greyfalcon. net/ cellulosics.png

greyfalcon. net/ cellulosic

[dcat13]

Why not produce more food in countries that starve and let them produce ethanol as well?

The argument that the machines & trucks you would use to produce ethanol would run on gas is a joke. They can run on ethanol as well.

Lets stick with the oil and help the Saudi families buy a few more Rolls and Chavez to spread communism.

[jackthekrakan]

that's a narrow-minded view. ethanol isn't viable. Its a smokescreen to make us feel better about the environment. It takes 1.5 gallons of petrol to make 1 gallon of bio fuel. Everyone is blind to the massive blunder we are making!

[dcat13]

really? so Brazilians are must be stupid because they produce ethanol with minimal or no petrol usage,

nuclear energy is great for electricity and ethanol is good for fuel, who is narrow minded?

big oil spends hundreds of millions to undermine alternative fuel sources, are you on the payroll open minden friend of my?

[christo930]

We don't have any rain forest to burn down, we don't have a wet season and a dry season (a tropical climate)... WE, are not Brazil. Furthermore, Brazil does a lot of drilling for oil, which is what we should be doing (or natural gas which MAY be a renewable energy source)

[communitywork]

'The use of food as a source of fuel may have serious implications for the demand for food if the expansion of biofuels continues,' the International Monetary Fund said in its twice-yearly report on the world economy. 'One country's policy to promote biofuels while protecting its farmers could increase another (likely poorer) country's import bills for food and pose additional risks to inflation or growth.'

[LatteLiberal]

You idiot! If we run out of places to grow food here we can inport it! Mexico will grow it for us cheaper! We don't need to have expensive farms in the USA! Think about the stock market for once! You liberals are so short sighted!

[jim8770]

Yeah, lets just import all of our food. That is the dumbest thing I have ever heard. You obviously don't understand the consequences that would have on the US. American farmers are the best in the world at what they do.

[Tr1llobite]

so far if were going to be really dedicated to making ethanol we will probably not use the farmers as too many people are worried about a food crisis they will probably resort to wood or some other organic product because America will most likely not allow food prices to rise. i say it is a go especially since ethanol has a higher octane and we can already look at the race car drivers for it's success.

[SolarAmp]

jim8770,

Respectfully, we import most food we see at the market. We already export most of our grains ie corn and wheat. If we were the best we would not be importing foods that we call staples.

[scorpiooooooh]

My wife and I have only one child, why? because thats all we could afford and NO we definatly do not have a super high standard of living. We were trying to be socially responsible and bring into the world only what we could support. I'm sorry, famine is a problem because people in other nations are not socially responsible. The solution is for them to have less babies. Less moyuths to feed, less starvation, less war. It's a cold hard reality.

[LatteLiberal]

Brazil and Sweden are anti American and communist. They have an agenda to make America look stupid. They don't use petroleum just so they won't have to back us up in the middle east. Cowards. Vote NO to plug in hybrids and fuel economy laws. Vote YES to finishing the war and taking the oil we need.

[kilmichael1921]

You sir are a complete and utter muppet.

[LatteLiberal]

Foreign countries should not be allowed to have fuel efficient cars because it takes support away from the war and the troops and finishing the job in iraq and iran. The world should stand behind the USA on this and not cower away to fuel economy and turn their backs on us. We can take over the arabs oil if we want to. Liberal hybrids are a sissies way out of a mans problem.

[luckyvet]

Stupids - the net effect of ethonal is ZERO.

It costs as much to produce it with machines and trucks that run on Gas as it produces.

[domingoschaves]

brazil is good

[bafael76b]

For Brazil it was good: Since we produce petrol, with the flex car and the lower consumption of gasoline, the country become self-sufficient in fuel production. Why bomb Iraq when you simple got all the fuel you need? The CO2 of alcohol cars are in part re-absorbed by crops of sugar-cane... And petrol is carbon reserve burned to atmosphere... What you choose for you? My car is flex and I think it is a good idea.

[greyflcn]

The facts are 1. Brazil produces a pathetic amount of ethanol compared to US demand. greyfalcon. net/ brazil greyfalcon. net/ brazil2 2. Ethanol makes air quality worse greyfalcon. net/ ethanol2 greyfalcon. net/ ethanol3 greyfalcon. net/ ethanol5 greyfalcon. net/ ethanol9 3. Ethanol does not necessarily cause any direct GHG benefit if you include ALL of the factors. greyfalcon. net/ n2o.png greyfalcon. net/ lcarough7.png

[bafael76b]

But when the fuel injected flex appear, everything was perfect: When ethanol are expensive (more than 70% of price of gasoline) you can use the petrol fuel. If coast less, use the bio-fuel.

When you use ethanol, in a 1.0 engine (small cars until this displacement have taxes benefits in Brazil, and sell almost 60% of total sells) for example, the consumption in urban circuit low from 12 km/l for 9 km/l (but the power of the engine up from 65 to 68 hp).

[bafael76b]

Here in Brazil ALL cars produced today are or flexible (able to use gasoline or ethanol) or diesel. Brazil have ethanol for sell on everywhere. Is true that whiteout fuel injection (carburetor cars of the 80´s), on the winter of states of south of Brazil, the cars not work well, and when the sugar price on internet market was high, the ethanol ends for a season.

[hsd0006]

I respect the DOE's and private group studies saying even corn ethanol reduces everything from C02 to VOC's which is just chemistry, since ethanol doesn't have all the C-chains gas does. Cellulosic can virtually eliminate gas usage when you look at the facts.

[bcoverss]

We only have 1 Coal gasification plant in the US. Built in 1998 and there are no plans to date for anymore.

[bcoverss]

We can't continue to wait decades for technologies to be developed. Ethanol is here an now and can help us end our foreign oil addiction. Ethanol has a negative CO2 effect since the plants that are growing for the fuel source are absorbing CO2 as they grow. Coal, natural Gas, propane, gasoline, and diesel all continually adding more and more CO2 into this world. Coal gasification makes coal plants cleaner.

[bcoverss]

90% of the electricity in the US comes from coal fired power plants. Electric cars only move the emissions from cars to power plants which already have very lax regulations. Coal is far worse than Gasoline or diesel. Do a Google on Fly Ash. I agree though that we do need to transition to electric, but we need clean power generation infrastructures in place first. An Ethanol powered Toyota Prius would be an ideal hybrid. The bottom line is we need to take action now. con't

[greyflcn]

Not saying the raw performance bad

Saying that the way of producing it inheriently so inefficient that it's really a dumb idea.

And while Ethanol lowers many polutants, Xylenes and Carbon Monoxide.

It actually increases other polutants including VOCs, NOx, Ozone, Smog and a couple cancer agents.

greyfalcon. net/ ethanol2

[greyflcn]

Ethanol is rather silly.

greyfalcon. net/ ethanol

greyfalcon. net/ brazil

Even switchgrass ethanol does hardly anything to reduce CO2 emmisions.

[bcoverss]

You sound like a Exxon/Mobile PR spokesman.

[greyflcn]

Well consider this. E85 from Corn is no better than Diesel. greyfalcon. net/ lcarough7.png The real solutions are that we need to move toward electrics. greyfalcon. net/ electriccars.png greyfalcon. net/ plugins greyfalcon. net/ tesla greyfalcon. net/ phoenix Frankly, it's Oil companies which support biofuels the most. They love it since it's so fake that it will never change the status quo. globalpublicmedia. org/ the_reality_report_the_myths_o­f_biofuels