Borderline - Narcissistic Personality Disorder (BPD-NPD)

[moniquemonicat]

You just described my sister and my boyfriend to the letter. Knowledge is power.  Thanks for the video.

[plalelal]

This is one of ther better explainationsof BPD and NPD along with great examples. Good work!

[learning2liveful]

Wow. I'm so sad for all of us who have been through this crap loading bullshit from freaking narcissist's. I have lived 19 years with one and just now regained some power through knowledge I have learned from all of you, with out the internet I probably would still be in prison. Please instead of arguing points lets just learn from each other.

[11JLZ]

This describes my bf to a tee. I've been researching on why he is the way he is, and whether his behaviour merely an anger problem. Now I see it is much more serious than I thought

[anticliche321]

never thought of the phantom of narcissistic.. guess it makes sense

[pumehana99]

Claudia you are really misleading people here, your video is very confusing for those who are not extremelly well informed.

BPD is the result of abuse and growing up in very invalidating environment , is a form or very similar to C-PTSD.

There has been a lot of new research done about BPD and is noe KNOWN that BPD are NOT manipulative or attention seekers.

Is Narcissists who are usually the CAUSE of children growing in abusive or invalidating homes and having BPD or C-PTSD or PTSD.

[Leekduck]

@pumehana99 No this video is accurate, many of the symptoms of BPD are similar to that of NPD

[DayaTom7]

@pumehana99

BPD does develop under the child abuse, but they usually are abusers too.Especially as parents.

NPD can go hand by hand with BPD... (BPD\NPD. ) .It can be NPD alone Sometimes the BPDs develop NPD to some extent to "protect" themselves, since they have no identity or feel of who they really are. And are as empty.

Complex PTSD has been COMPARED to BPD,but does not include it.It may be comorbid .I personally disagree it's similar,but that's my opinion..

Beautiful day!

[Leekduck]

Its funny how theres so many BPD people on this video, angry at the fact that it does not give them enough pity

[sarah26382]

Remembering watching this play years back, had given me the opportunity in discovering the NPD personality disorder.

[Leekduck]

the more I learn about BPD, the more I realise that they are just Emo's who never grew up

[krtslamr]

Agree BPD and NPD are not the same.Agree narcissists are the perpetrators of abuse and BPD sufferers are the survivors of the abuse.Disagree that NPDs are not victims as comment below perhaps inplies.Both are victims.Both have the potential for destroyed lives.Which NPD or BPD would choose to live a life like this presented with an alternative? Arguably NPDs are more damaged than BPDs,more lacking in insight and harder to treat.Which is the greater tragedy? Compassion/acceptance is the only way

[juxtn]

I would really like to thank the person who put this up, it is very informative. Somehow the video of Phantom of the Opera really fit well with the text.

[channel270]

this is me.

[101thehunter]

Love your video! Carlos Castaneda and his book The Active Side of Infinity would amaze you. Who are we as a people? What is the origon of internal dialog?

[LiamMacSuibhne]

hmmm, very interesting. Just about everything described in this video reminds me of my ex... female and a psychologist. Denial being the chief tool, every change of action, every betrayal, every explosive outburst, every snide comment being explained as ''I am what I am''.

No awareness, or to be more accurate, a unwillingness to 'own' the hurt and damage that she caused.

Sad. But as the video says.. If you;re healthy, you move on. Thats how you beat it.

I had to walk away three times.

[buzzywar1]

As I read this, the hairs on the back of my neck stood on end. Everything that ClaudiaMontana8 writes is true. I am in therapy and have had suffered trauma having lived with a wife who, to a greater or lesser degree has all the sympoms described.

[dragonesse91]

The diagnostic Manual is a 'voted' on HOAX. Self Will Selfishness and Sin cover most of the alleged personality 'types' and 'demon posession' may account for the rest.

@sundog-you've been through pleanty and according to some very highly regarded psychologists one is not required to 'forgive' to heal-in fact attempting to do so may hinder healing. Good luck!

And to the maker of this video-nice job! Thanks!

[gumbyzhi]

@dragonesse91 I agree completely with you! You can't be farther from GOD than to be into yourself, and I've noticed that all truly evil actions spring from complete selfishness.

[djazzma]

There is a book called "Emotional Vampires" of Albert Bernstein. Narcissistic vampires are one of the types. By my opinion is described really good.

[mcnary79]

Oh how true sundog!!! I'm bpd, well supposibly, as it's never really a certainty, I grew up in a similar environment!! Abdonment, abuse neglect. We are simply survivors who struggle with reality and self image. Do not agree with this video, it's degrading and we are individuals and bpd suffers are more likely to harm themselves. Bpd suffers if that is what it is, I personally would like to call it an emotional personality disorder, are not narcissistic horrible people

[TheDJSTALKER]

I liked the video till 8:37...After that, the emotions in me started to burn...

Can someone that suffers from BPD and NPD, and in the same time from Self-Defeating personality disorder be cured in a short amount of time? (without seeking profesional help)

[reinaesteras]

Great video, but walking out of a BPD person's life to make them seek help will add to their trust issues and hurt them immensely with a perceived abandonment. I'm not suggesting someone stay in a bad relationship ither. Just If you dont want to leave,and help them dont leave,but insist them getting help, The Narcissist are very hard to get through to, perhaps in that case you may want to suggest that remedy

[imhelingnow]

I believe its possible for an NPD or BPD to target another NPD/BPD. When a person is exposed to this behavior he/she may retaliate w/ the same.

[justandjon]

Love the information:) I feel you give a common understanding of these two personality disorders so the viewers can grasp the big picture behind being a victim and/or suffering yourself from BPD/NPD. I'm a Psych major also:-) P.S. the video was skipping pretty bad, could of been my computer too.

[aoifewest]

I did study psychology but I have alwayben bothered by the the fact that wester psychology is a quit well intelecual concepts,theories but seldom accurate in individual cases. I mean when applied to a single person. The description given in this clip could apply to lot of people ...

[lunaxelaju1]

Wow! this video is technically my story. He saw me, he wanted me, he chased me, he had me and I helped him in his business goals and achievements. At the end, everything was a lie, he never compromised nor fulfilled his promises about us, the future and even the business. He has found other people that do what i did so he states i am not needed. He's a manipulator and it hurts so bad. I hope I could help him realize how he has destroyed my life and true love.

[KamaKinky]

@lunaxelaju1

I hear you. The same thing happened to me.

[majikstranger]

Thank you for this video. I am an Empath living with someone who fits this bill perfectly. Shes making me loose my mind. I already feel others too much let alone someone so out of control and unaware. I am very disciplined and have helped her start to see the light but i dont think its worth the harm its doing me. Its like she has no emotions of her own, i constantly yell at her for mimicking emotions rather then feeling them and she is always bewildered that i could be mad at her.

[ShowtekGER]

very interesting personality type. i see that i share some of its characteristics with it. creepy.

[Williehutch2]

Ego best friend Arrogance

[litgirl24]

This is a very thorough explanation of the definition and of what it's like to be in connection with a Narcissist. My mother is both Narcissistic and Borderline, though she the Narcissism is most obvious (as she's a highly successful group psychologist!). For my whole life, I thought of her as the authority, and I've only recently begun to see her as someone with disastrous emotional problems. Thank you for this very creative and informative video of Narcissism/Borderline P.D.!

[mayla1775]

Here is another intresting YouTube video on this topic - search for: "What Are The Seven Deadly Sins of a narcissist? - Dr. Sam Vaknin"

[bigcrunch0]

This is my former girlfriend. She is a monster.

[NanetteUT]

I am the spouse of a person with OCPD it can be very lonely. go to myspousehasocd . com to know you are not alone.

[aldwynsdaughter]

Wow! This is an awesome video - what a brill opera & character(s) to use for this particular PD description!

[cremebruleec]

I agree! Well done! Great vid.

[aldwynsdaughter]

Absolutely fascinating! Thanks so much for posting this brill vid

[Leiaz29]

this is my fomrer boyfriend to the tee - he is a monster.

[andrtaker]

lol funny how a woman said the same thing about men and she got a few thumbs up while you said that about women and got 5 thumbs down. lol i wonder whos more narcissistic?

[xxneondinosaur]

I have borderline personality disorder, and traits of narcissistic personality disorder. My mother was borderline, my father was narcissistic. Its odd thinking that you can be both sometimes, but its highly possible...

[ThAWaNKr]

@xxneondinosaur Not only is it possible, but it can be further more aggravated by obsessive compulsive disorder in the form of rumination.. just imagine .. you know you are sick, but your narcissistic side cant take it, cant take to ask help, cant even take to look weak to any other human, so you present yourself as healthy for the sake of your narcissism.. its fuckin hell dude

[Sandbagger101]

Thank you for posting this video and the detail. It is really helping me to understand my mom...and even perhaps myself. wow

[fuxmesidewaylol]

ty for uploading

[mylovesofmylife]

I enjoyed the opera in the background.

Ive never been to the opera before.

[mennella2000]

There's no cure for malignant narcissism.

Also, there's a narcissism spectrum leading up tp psychopathy.

BPD people can be helped. M narcissists can't. So the ending to a wonderful clip is a bit flawed.

Dont confuse NPD with BPD, they are similar but respective in their ways. NPD is all pervasive. A m nacrissist has NO SELF. He is almost a psychopath.

[jason23296]

so how come a narcissist can't ever realize there own flaws? I mean a narcissist can't always find away to justify there failures. If a narcissist see's that every job they get the never get promotions while there coworkers do they can't always explain that away and if they did that doesn't necessarily mean they believe what there saying because it may just be a way to keep people from seeing there vulnerabilities .

[ThAWaNKr]

@mennella2000 You are right on different things and wrong on others.. I know some expert says psycopath is on the high end spectrum of narcissism.. and its not completely false but not true either..BPD is considered as a psycopathic disorder also.. I mean IMO psycopathy is a term to describe any psycopathological psychic flaws.. wether its bpd, npd, ocd doesnt make a difference..

[zolon5]

Sounds like our new president.....

[sassisacha]

I have been reading up on not just this disorder but also childhood disorders such as adhd. touretts etc. why is it that with symptoms of all these being so simple to detect at an early age, why are we not nipping it in the bud before it becomes a problem.. cant the schools reconise and tell us how to deal with it. instead of waiting for us to find out, sometimes to late. and why are we not teaching school kids how to bring up their own familes one day. instead of letting them copy bad parenting

[jason23296]

The problem being that teachers aren't trained for mental disorders other than adhd and dyslexia and bipolar disorder and then they only address the possibility until the students grades may decrease.

[Apollonianone]

A narcissist will try to keep themselves in the power position by withholding the truth from you.

[sundog444]

BPD and NPD are not the same thing. The narssisists are the perpetrators of abuse and the survivors of abuse are labeled BPD. I grew up under a destructive narssisist who knew I was being sexually abused and did nothing but add beatings to the dark experience of childhood. My narsissistic bitch of a mother always called me stupid. I have a cumulative 4.0 GPA, my major is psychology I have two years to go I know what I speak of from experience as well as education. You are misinforming people.

[ClaudiaMontana8]

Symptoms are from the same cluster. Please read the more info section before making comments. As for your extensive education and 4.0 GPA ... doesn't mean much in the big picture. I hope one day you will find a more forgiving attitude towards your mother who, with your grand education, you seem only to muster up vulgar words for. My major was psych also ... & I find, as with this comment, a lack of human understanding & perpetuation of negativity rather than cure. Good luck.

[jason23296]

lol thats something that a narcisst would say.

I'll tell you whats scary is narcisst psychologist

(Not that you one)

[DarkThug13]

@ClaudiaMontana8 My Friend Lies all the time about something he'd done and if buy something he has the best Edition. He does it better and has the best of Everything This is So Annoying and it's Agravating me He thinks he's on top of the World.. What Should I Do? I'm thinking of Leaving our Friendship Behind I Can't listen to him anymore.

[majikstranger]

@ClaudiaMontana8 Well said Claudia. Theirs an air of arrogance in sundog. I could feel the hate from across the screen. Maybe sundog will be able to give himself therapy after he gets a degree.

[reinaesteras]

@ClaudiaMontana8

She allowed him to be sexually abused, should he not vent?..I also think he's right that narcicissists contribute to alot of BPD. Just because they are in the same cluster does not make them similar.. to label them together seems wrong. And to repeatedly call a child stupid is sohurtful to the child...you should not define everything by textbook and listento real human experiences...and have human understanding too.

[candiceevans1]

@ClaudiaMontana8 maybe you dont have the capacity to feel empathy toward others either,,,,ummm did you jut hear what that woman said ab being molested and then beaten by her mother on top of it,,,then you chastise her for not having good feelings toward her mother? I think mentioning her gpa was related to her mother calling her stupid,,,,u dont take critisism very well either

[ClaudiaMontana8]

@candiceevans1 ... You make a good point regarding the gpa being relative to wanting to achieve due to having a mother who was abusive. I do not agree with the rest of what you write. What I was pointing out is that it is important to move into the realm of forgiveness and not develop some narcissistic characteristics. And, this means not only forgiveness of the other, but of self ... for a child all too often blames themselves and until one can move beyond that, they are trapped in a prison.

[ClaudiaMontana8]

@candiceevans1 ... I think what sundog said has been experienced by all too many. Empathy ... don't jump to conclusions on that one as you may not know what private correspondence may have taken place either. You are clearly on the attack ... and I am not going to reciprocate in such demeaning fashion. Best advise, take it or leave it, be careful how you judge others.

[celiblue]

@sundog444 YOU FAIL

[candyfelt]

@sundog444 My soon-to-be-ex husband is both BPD and NPD and even Dependent...I'm no doctor but these symptoms are real and my abuse was real. I often said it would have been easier to prove to my family and friends that something was seriously wrong if I had bruises. My husband is the most friendly, charasmatic, liked person in our church and at his work. But the reality is, most people don't know him & create no threat to him. Only his wives, girlfriends and many children see the problem.

[HardeyLeone]

@sundog444 I would say you need to think again about the study of psychology if you come here and say all this private stuff about your life in public!!

[sassisacha]

that has to be the most fantastic Interpretation of narcissistics

you have compleatly discribed my ex he would never believe me that he had a problem. it drove me to insainity, I had to do the tough love and let go that just drove me to a breakdown, and though we tried again he just saw me as the enemy

it is right that this disorder is reconised as a real problem and not just a label

it is real! I just wish he could see for himself and get help, I know he wont reconise any of it.

[loyk10]

Every year theres more and more labels for peoples behavior,it is only natural for each one of us to have a certain behavior,being or acting diffrent doesnt mean you are wrong,it means you are wrong only in the eye of those people that want you to buy legal drugs.Come on,.you are not a sheep.!

People have this obsesiveness with being `normal`. Its like a new form of religion they want to cling to.

[ClaudiaMontana8]

Granted, one's idea of "normal" vs. another can be quite different; however, extremes should be recognized. If one thinks it "normal" to brutalize another then "acceptable" must take precedent. All things are relative in scope and nature.

[loyk10]

You are right that extremes should be recognized.I agree.

But in nature ,there is no `turn to the right side,there is no side u can take that is acceptable in nature,humans choose a side and think its acceptable for them,but its a lie.Because nature already has chosen for you.I just keep it in the middle...neutral.Just my opinion.

[imhelingnow]

@loyk10 I agree labels can be limiting, but the benefits are being able to see these patterns in individuals and learn what to do about it. I don't think there would be all these labels if there wasn't so much profit in it. Unfortunately, people don't take health issues seriously unless there's a label attached to it.

[urbancyclist1]

People don't talk about this subject much. I think my mother is one. I don't think they are necessarily good with money, after all, they think they know everything, even though they often don't take any studies on the subjec.t. They are manipulative and customers often find out the hard way, about their lies etc. I didn't like the video ie the opera, found it noisy and distracting.

[indigoin0z]

great vid. even tho im not into opera as such.

i have a lot of bpd tendencies, & i am getting better with age, ONLY because of my driving force to change the multi-generational shaming & abuse in my family line - for my children.

UNFORTUNATELY

the knight i thought i was marrying turned out to be NPD at its finest & most deceptive, only triggering my negative traits i am trying to rid myself of.

the trouble is, the further i grow past my issues, the more insecure it turns him!!!!!!!

[MrStephenkemp]

Breath taking

[prestige334]

I had a BPD husband and now PD people trying to push their way into my life. Yeap, I'll be in therapy a loooonnnnggg time but it's better to get things off your chest. So, I guess things are better this way.

[Mikedabuh]

hitler was a narcist. he had an unrealistic veiw of romance!!

[ddtoots]

thank u for this. i jsut dont get how she can fool everyone for so long. we could have a guest in our house for 6months and she will show No sign of it.

how can they not know they are faking it? it feels like u r crazy when they convince others you are the bad one and they are saintly. there is no reality.

[ddtoots]

my mother doest he oppsoite..she doesnt seem proud or arrogant. she acts meek and mild and oh-so-kind to others.

yes yes..!she feignsj modesty and humility and has convicnced everyone that i am responible for her hell. then she gives me this little smile form the corner of her mouth that says she knows waht shes doing.i cant take it!

[ClaudiaMontana8]

There is healthy narcissism; however, the extreme forms, of which only some of the symptoms are listed herein, is a condition far beyond healthy - both for the NPD as well as those exposed to them.

[davlor86]

narcissistics are very responsible, healthy and secure of themselves, they actually have way more qualities than deffects

[aresci00]

what an ignorant comment...you either are one or have never met one

[aztecmx]

u know wht im thinking u migth be a narcissits or never encounterd one.. am i right guys? i mean look at wht davlor86 said..

[sweeetly]

N's are good with money etc but not ppl...wants the point of money and busineess sence if ppl mean nothing. Life is about the relationships yu have with others and how we enrich the lives of those we love?

[ThAWaNKr]

@sweeetly Thats a really good point you have.. I am BPD and NPD too.. and I believe your ex when he says he wants to be pure in heart.. cause I have the same feelings.. I don't like what I am.. I don't like what I do.. but still I keep doing it.. And what I hate the most is when someone tells me that I am that.. cause I know I am and it sends a really bad image of myself back to me.. which is what NPD hate and wants to avoid the very most....

[AMostMercyfulKing87]

This was extremely interesting to watch and I agree with other commenters: this video said a lot useful stuff about a really serious topic in a short time and in an effective way. My girlfriends' father suffers from NPD and he's been diagnosed as one of the worst of the kind here in Finland. I can't even begin to imagine what he must've put my girlfriend and her mom through before we started going out...

[Uwiluz60]

I think the stress of my business has made me at times like this...But I always feel very bad if I let it out...I really Do believe our president Obama is full Narcissistic...What do you think ?...I think if you battle with it...You can see it...Takes one to Know one !

[ClaudiaMontana8]

I don't agree with the cliche' that it 'takes one to know one' ... sometimes it simply takes being exposed to someone with these disorders and suffering the effects thereof - being blindsided can be quite an education. As for Obama ... yes, he's certainly a narcissist; however, whether it is to the extreme of the NPD disorder is difficult to ascertain. There is a bit of healthy narcissism in all of us ... it's like anything else and a matter of understanding and self control. Best always!.

[Uwiluz60]

Yes...Thanks for your reply...Good video by the way....

[AresCassell]

My very deepest condolences to all the family, co-workers, and associates of borderlines and narcissists. Sorry for all the suffering you've been put through.

[PNHassett]

Actually, I feel we all have these traits, but what I find remarkable is 'their' lack of understanding about cause and effect leading to eventual emotional trauma.

It seems as though people who truly have these disorders don't understand how their force of willpower and desires often conflict with others.....usually coercion is placed upon others in order to get 'their' way.

It's emotional blackmail, pure and simple. Functioning at a purely emotional level is a scary thing to witness.

[sarasnews]

Hi thanks for this. It says a lot in a short space of time. I would never wish this kind of relationship on anyone, having endured it for several years whilst thinking I was going mad. In the video the reality behind the mask is eventually uncovered but I don't think you ever get to see behind the mask in reality with someone with NPD and if you try they will make your life hell.

[gonzofann]

the best part is they only show the ones they love this side of them selfs out in public they seam perfect and you feel crazy cus you just can't belive what is happeng

[ClaudiaMontana8]

The problem is they don't understand, nor accept, nor exhibit, genuine Love ... so showing the "ones they love" their dark side doesn't even come close in describing the conflagration that stems from their secret, underlining, illness. They want/need us to believe they are 'perfect' & expect to get in the 'last word'. While this video is a more extreme view, because of incorporating many of the B characteristics ... the disease is complex and one is easily caught within their web. ...

[ClaudiaMontana8]

... the 'masquerade' is as damaging to themselves as it is to the victims. I believe what they really want more than anything is to understand and experience genuine Love ... but they're sniping attitudes (both public & private), and other characteristics, including not recognizing their own faults while criticizing or placing blame on everyone else, is at the core of the illness, and one that can be 'cured' through sincere actions that only they can choose to embark upon.

[molloyx]

Via recent personal experience with a classic NPD I wish I could believe that 'genuine love' would be enough to begin to shake the foundations of her pathology. I know that the quest for Ideal Love is one of the psychiatric criteria. That said, I have learned that this is an entirely compensatory trait, as nothing so unhinges an NPD as criticism, even the mildist criticism. Understanding they are often seen as heartless, they work 'diligently' to prove otherwise. Sadly, it is sheer performance.

[ClaudiaMontana8]

Genuine Love as an antidote may only be found in exhibition of tough love ... walking away from the relationship. As noted in the video, any attempt at pointing out even the possibility of needing counseling can set the NPD or BPD into rage, or as I witnessed, the more passive-agressive stance of "the problem is you, not me." These disorders are very complex and there are no easy answers .. but Love ... yes, I believe love, even tough love, is the answer to all things :)

[sweeetly]

My ex, despite doing sadistic things, swore to me his heart was pure..and I believe he really wanted to be pure in heart..

[molloyx]

Recent research, [ brain imaging], indicates that there are distinct structural differences observable in BPDs, sociopaths and NPDs [ all of which overlap]. They process information in a markedly different way than the unafflicted, which is why they so often distort the words and intentions of others. As a great deal of attention has been paid to developing therapies for BPDs [ as they cost so much to maintain] little research exists re the treatment of NPDs as they cannot tolerate diagnosis.

[sweeetly]

I was wondering about overlaps... My ex seemed mainly NPD but with BPD and some paranoia and psychosis when drinking...

[sweeetly]

I told my ex to get help...told him about BPD and NPD. He went nuts and did all he could to hurt me for it. But later did admit something was really wrong and said he had been advised not to engage in romantic relations. Still though he continued to be abusive with drunk late night calls..checking up on me as he put it, to see if I was sleeping with other ppl. Thing is I'm just not the type to sleep around but he thought I was.

[sweeetly]

yes its really so hard. My ex can't help revealing himself when he drinks...and my nieghbours heard his shouting in the middle of the night and openly showed thier dislike. Crumbs maybe I need to talk to someone about this...but i'm here just writing it.:/

[alexhart33]

Very negative view of people with BPD.

[ClaudiaMontana8]

Agreed. But then the video is depicting many of the characteristics found in Cluster B type personalities. It is not all-encompassing nor reflective of all NPD or BPD persons, who may exhibit many, yet not all, of the char. contained herein. The more genuine 'negative' aspects are compounded on the victims to wit this video is dedicated.

[TrueDavebucket]

My friend has this. Because he does he wont see that he does. I hate him. I loved him like a brother 15 years ago but as he got more independanr and succsessful he became more of a conceited prick. I hate him because I feel the man he is today murdered my old buddy. I thought i was just jealous of his accomplishments

[sansmerci2]

Sam Vankin's Website is an excellent resource for info about NPD. The url is

samvak(dot)tripod(dot)com

[ClaudiaMontana8]

Thank you for the url ... looks like many resources/links there.

[shotokan1968]

I have bpd , and have known it for many years.

I really could not understand it at all until i dated a woman with it as well.

it was a very volatile relationship that had little to do with reality .

we both maneuvered and held onto our bdp issues even though we both wanted something different.

The only real thing that came out of it was me seeing in myself what i had put others through for years.

the lies, the chaotic relationships, the cheating with no remorse ect.

was truly sad.

[ClaudiaMontana8]

Thank you for your very heart-felt observations. It takes a real man/woman to admit their problem and seek help -- and by your very words, it appears you have achieved a great amount of forward understanding and movement towards the wonder that is known through genuine Love. Again, thank you for your comment.  Yours is a very important observation and witness. I apologize it took so long to approve.

[Debbiebookworm]

Hi, this is really interesting, thanks for posting. Am I right in thinking that we all possess these traits (or symptoms) sometimes but with BPD and NPD the volume is turned way up too high? Is it like a continuum where some people have a small dose of NPD or BPD but still have impulse control and insight... and then there are others who are "pathological", who have no impulse control and are verging on dangerous? I am interested in finding out more but not sure where to turn. Thanks. Debbie

[mll233]

Great video-- I was in love with a narcissist two years ago, best thing I did was to leave and get counseling.