One more Mr Internet expert I presume... What r.c Joint? Are you joking? "you can't even properly contract your lats behind the neck"... Ha ha ha! What do you mean???
I'm still waiting, after more than 15 year, for REAL ANATOMICAL PROOF that this exercise should be dangerous to do. I have not seen any yet.
There is a difference in anatomy and functional anatomy. That's why the quadriceps are an extensor of the knee but leg extensions don't do much for a multi-joint movement like walking
In order to pull behind head the head needs to go into cervical flexion. For one this is putting the body in a suboptimal position and developing 'position of strength' with a forward head.Check how well you turn your head with a forward head. Some hypermobile females can get away with this exercise but the majority are putting the anterior capsule of the shoulder under excessive stretch and looking for trouble. The glenohumeral joint is moving into a close packed position
@TheTomtah It's the folks with education in anatomy that have determined that this movement has too much unwanted stress and that it's best not to do period!
any instructor should no that all this is doing is hyper-extending your neck for no reason, what muscles causes you to pull the bar down? lats. what muscles do you use when your neck and spine is bent? lats.so whats the difference? there isnt one! so keep yo motherfuckin head straight!
Not a natural position of your spine. I'm sure you tell people that form and keeping your back straight is the most important thing when lifting weights. Then you show them this exercise. Makes you look like a pretty big hypocrite if you ask me. Arrogance soon follows your hypocrisy.
You've never seen an injury from this exercise because the only people dumb enough to do this exercise can only handle lifting 20lbs.
Plus if you pause at 0:13 it look like you're screwing up your rotator cuff.
@pojo205 I agree with you 100%, this in no way comes close to the efficiency and effectiveness of a normal lat pull down, and it seems to work the shoulders more than the back. Not only that, your on par with not being the natural position of the spine. the last thing you want to do is fuck that up.
Dont do behind yer neck, its horribel, you lat goes up to around yer shoulder, trust me, dont do it, i cant explain 100% why, but it will fuck you up. Everything behind the neck should be avoided.
@MicooXX Just for your information, Arne knows what he's doing. He's a judge for serious competitions in chins and dips, holds classes in anatomy etc. He's been doing this for a loong time :)
I've been down behind neck lat pulldown for 8 months now..and I experience no pain whatsoever.....and no my coach doesn't tell me not to do em'...coaches also say not to do back shoulder press...which is LAME!...back shoulder press work your rear delts..anyhow moving to behind neck lat pulldown it doesn't give me any problem..and it has actually hit my middle back more and gave me more definition..Good work Arne sweet lat definition. Behind neck lat pulldown are amazing for your middle back..
This excersise is dangerous (?) well atleast unpleasant and painful for us that have rotated shoulders (when relaxed, knuckles pointing forward) for people with normal mobility in their shoulders, i cant see why this should be dangerous in any way.
@Arne48 apparantly behind the neck is very bad on the rotator cuff and can cause injury there. As i have been told, most ppl do not have the flexibility for this motion without injuring yourself. I am not a personal trainer nor a physician, dont know this for sure, but maybe now you know what to search for when you check it out uself... Ive been doing lat pulls to the chest since i started out, and ive personally never had any injuries, and ive got great strength results from it.
@Arne48 The reason most people think it's bad to do behind the neck is that it causes more stress on the shoulder and can cause a rotator cuff injury. This may be true with a heavier weights, as there will be a higher risk of injury. To be safe, I would say pull to the chest. It's the same workout, more full range of motion and lower risk of injury.
@AJBurtonOperator I'm very interested in which of the rotary cuff muscles you are hurting with this exercise, I can agree with you if we are talking about press behind neck but not lat pull down behind the neck.
@Arne48 extreme shoulder rotation and abduction occur. This stresses the shoulder capsule and inferior glenohumeral ligament, which can cause shoulder instability. If you are not very flexible and want to play it safe, don't do it behind the neck. So with this being said, I don't see any advantage as to why doing it fehind the neck is better? Unless you can give me a reason
@AJBurtonOperator The main reason for me to rekommend this exercise, especially for the beginners, is because it's much easier to do correctly comparing to lat pulldown against the chest. Lots of beginners are doing this exercise incredible wrong. I've been instructor since 1978 and have never ever seen any of my client hurt themselves from Lat pulldown behind the neck.
@Arne48 If they are beginners its even better to show them the right type of exercise, which is not behind the neck but to the chest. You should be teaching them that it is dangerous, just like I have to you. I may not have been an instructor for as long as you, but it's pretty clear to any rational person with the amount of research out there that it is a dangerous execution and easily fixed by doing it the correct way.
@AJBurtonOperator I have studied human anatomy at the medical level, evolutionary anatomy and comparative anatomy. I have been teaching medical students in dissection techniques on human preparations ... I'm not totally stupid in terms of anatomy ...
I can not see any dangers in this exercise. If the exercise would have been dangerous and provide a much damage so I had obviously stopped teaching the lat pull behind the neck for several decades ago.
@Arne48 It seems like you're just stubborn to listen to all the people who have been telling you how high of a risk this type of exercise is to your rotator cuff. Just try google-ing about this exercise, and there are literally hundreds of articles and publications expressing the dangers and not recommending this exercise. A lot of these publications are from Professors with a PhD since you're so concerned about credentials. And I don't know why you are a trainer if you teach medical students?
@AJBurtonOperator I would, of course, not have shown this exercise if it were harmful, as I have not found. I have not received any sustainable anatomical explanation for this exercise alleged harmfulness. Many of these explanations is nonsense on a par with 'expert' claims that the wrists should be straight in for example in the bench press when they in fact must be dorsalflexed. Other 'scientific' assertions is that they could stop the growth if you started lifting weights at a young age...
@Arne48 The reason why children should not weight train at a young age is because their bones are still very brittle while their tendons are very strong. If they lift a weight heavy enough the muscle which is attached to the tendon which attaches to the bone, will create a shear force that rips off the piece of bone attached to the tendon. That's the scientific assertion you're thinking of. If you haven't read that, then you haven't done much research about that, or about behind the neck injury.
@AJBurtonOperator Have you ever think about the tremendus force on the body when a child is running, jumping, wrestling, throwing and playing soccer comparing to strenght training? I don't think so...
When do you think we should begin strength training?
Do you know when the epiphysis plates in our bones is closed?
@AJBurtonOperator Sorry that you do not realize and understand what I write. There is much greater risk of injury in the sports I mentioned compared to weight training. There is no evidence that heavy strength training would be dangerous for young people. If they do the exercise ijn correct form.
Perhaps it is you my friend who need to find another career ...?
@AJBurtonOperator Unfortunately, 1995 ended the anatomical department at Lund University. When stopped, unfortunately, all dissection training for medical students. I think this is very sad.
I have trained instructors and judges in the Swedish Bodybuilding Federation since 1986.
Today I mostly train instructors and provide less frequent instructions to the clients.
I agree with the man who warned against the behind the neck pulldown in this one case. Most exercises are safe if done correctly, and with moderate weight. But I have noticed that for me- this particular exercise was the ONLY one out of almost 100 that actually FELT like it was putting my body in a compromising position. That's just Common Sense. I have managed to develop a very good back without that exercise. The Basic Pullup will do WORLDS More than this sorry exercise... trust me.
@Arne48 i dont think he meant that it was dangerous i think he was saying it didnt feel right for him. he didnt say it shouldnt be ignored or it was dangerous just that he didnt like it for himself
@mrmagicflash20009 Ha ha! The good old crap from "the experts". I have never ever seen any injury from this exercise. I have been instructor since 1978.
Yeah..i did this for the first time a couple od days ago now my middle back feels really tight, like nothing i felt before, don't mind the feeling of muscle ache but this is something else! Anyways i might try again because i figure it must be building something back there and like you said its prob to do with stiffness
bringing the bar down behind the neck puts extra stress on the muscles and connective tissue that hold the shoulder in the socket. If done with great care and moderate weight, it shouldn't be a problem. However, if performed with less than slow speed and strict form, it may cause irritation or tendon tears. Same with behind the neck presses. Some people can do them and have no problem because of good genetics and luck of avoiding an acute injury.
That you are saying is only true if doing press behind neck. NOT with Lat pull dowm behind the neck, I think, with your comments, that you should warn for heavy squat with bars behind neck. THIS exercise is much more riskful for the struktures you named.
I have NEVER seen any person got any injury of Lat pulldown behind neck or Chind behind neck, during my over 30 years experience sa gyminstructor,
It's unlikely to cause an acute injury, but it can cause micro trauma that can eventually lead to joint problems. If one is flexible and uses light weight, he or she will most likely not have issues. However, it is not a "PT-myth" that it can cause problems. It's easy to put too much stress on the rotator cuff muscles and tendons when forcing something behind the neck. It does not matter whether one is pressing or pulling it. I'm not trying to be disrespectful, but it is how the body works.
I think the best for you is to stop all strengt training!!! Bench press (the rotator cuff muscles etc.)and deep Squat (Kne injuries etc.).... If you are serios you can probably find more or less serios injuries on every existing exercises.
The difference is that leg development will be hindered if one does not do squats. If one does pulldowns to the chest instead of pulldowns behind the neck, lat development will not be hindered. It's a risk-reward situation. To me squats are worth the risk of knee problems. But behind the neck pulldowns instead of pull downs to the front are not worth it. They may be to you and that is fine.
Idag grasserar det en massa trams, som kallas "säker träning" mm. Att det skulle vara farligt att köra bakom nacken är bara ett exempel på tokigheterna. Hitills har jag inte hört en enda hållbar motivering av den sk "expertisen" att det skulle vara farligt. Det verkar som det sunda förnuftet ibland slutat råda idag...
@trainwreck72 YOU TALK SHITEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
pualsharkfella 2 months ago
disturbed at my gym would be cool. In my gym they play GEMA-free Music
ELBARTOmovies 4 months ago
@trainwreck72
maby you can check it fore real when you do your next autopsy fore mucle studies.
I guess you do lots of them if you eaven think of measures your knowledge whid Arne.
dyxeldoff 4 months ago
I wish she would not show her face on the videos. No one wants to see a face like hers.
MrTim1890 5 months ago
@trainwreck72 Of course you have, my extreeeemly experience friend! Thank You!
Good luck....
Arne48 6 months ago
@Arne48
i don't know why some people say this is bad. baseball and swimming are worse on the shoulder.
benjie414 6 months ago
@trainwreck72
One more Mr Internet expert I presume... What r.c Joint? Are you joking? "you can't even properly contract your lats behind the neck"... Ha ha ha! What do you mean???
I'm still waiting, after more than 15 year, for REAL ANATOMICAL PROOF that this exercise should be dangerous to do. I have not seen any yet.
Arne48 5 dagar sedan
Arne48 6 months ago
There is a difference in anatomy and functional anatomy. That's why the quadriceps are an extensor of the knee but leg extensions don't do much for a multi-joint movement like walking
bobbyt442002 7 months ago
In order to pull behind head the head needs to go into cervical flexion. For one this is putting the body in a suboptimal position and developing 'position of strength' with a forward head.Check how well you turn your head with a forward head. Some hypermobile females can get away with this exercise but the majority are putting the anterior capsule of the shoulder under excessive stretch and looking for trouble. The glenohumeral joint is moving into a close packed position
bobbyt442002 7 months ago
Nice shoulders!!
Billharley61 7 months ago
You guys saying this shouldn't be done behind the head are idiots with no knowledge in anatomy. Doing it behind the head is perfectly alright.
TheTomtah 8 months ago
@TheTomtah It's the folks with education in anatomy that have determined that this movement has too much unwanted stress and that it's best not to do period!
Citizen6935 7 months ago
any instructor should no that all this is doing is hyper-extending your neck for no reason, what muscles causes you to pull the bar down? lats. what muscles do you use when your neck and spine is bent? lats.so whats the difference? there isnt one! so keep yo motherfuckin head straight!
mm1k3y 8 months ago
Not a natural position of your spine. I'm sure you tell people that form and keeping your back straight is the most important thing when lifting weights. Then you show them this exercise. Makes you look like a pretty big hypocrite if you ask me. Arrogance soon follows your hypocrisy.
You've never seen an injury from this exercise because the only people dumb enough to do this exercise can only handle lifting 20lbs.
Plus if you pause at 0:13 it look like you're screwing up your rotator cuff.
pojo205 1 year ago
@pojo205 Ha ha ha! You have not been training for so long time...?
Arne48 1 year ago
@pojo205 I agree with you 100%, this in no way comes close to the efficiency and effectiveness of a normal lat pull down, and it seems to work the shoulders more than the back. Not only that, your on par with not being the natural position of the spine. the last thing you want to do is fuck that up.
asweran 1 year ago
Dont do behind yer neck, its horribel, you lat goes up to around yer shoulder, trust me, dont do it, i cant explain 100% why, but it will fuck you up. Everything behind the neck should be avoided.
MicooXX 1 year ago
@MicooXX Just for your information, Arne knows what he's doing. He's a judge for serious competitions in chins and dips, holds classes in anatomy etc. He's been doing this for a loong time :)
johnsson58 11 months ago
@johnsson58 It dont matter really ;) Its a very bad move for yer shoulder.
MicooXX 11 months ago
Ohh yea and awesome background music \:D/ SHIT!
shabzleett 1 year ago
I've been down behind neck lat pulldown for 8 months now..and I experience no pain whatsoever.....and no my coach doesn't tell me not to do em'...coaches also say not to do back shoulder press...which is LAME!...back shoulder press work your rear delts..anyhow moving to behind neck lat pulldown it doesn't give me any problem..and it has actually hit my middle back more and gave me more definition..Good work Arne sweet lat definition. Behind neck lat pulldown are amazing for your middle back..
shabzleett 1 year ago
This excersise is dangerous (?) well atleast unpleasant and painful for us that have rotated shoulders (when relaxed, knuckles pointing forward) for people with normal mobility in their shoulders, i cant see why this should be dangerous in any way.
aristoteles6182 1 year ago
bad for your rotator cuff
motulboydm4 1 year ago
going down a lil too far is when it dosnt feel right too me
bowlingplyr 1 year ago
@omfggoogle LOL
Payaso0090 1 year ago
Do not do behind the back.
gitzen 1 year ago
@gitzen Why? Give me one logical and anatomical reason.
Arne48 1 year ago
@Arne48 Nah
gitzen 1 year ago
@Arne48 apparantly behind the neck is very bad on the rotator cuff and can cause injury there. As i have been told, most ppl do not have the flexibility for this motion without injuring yourself. I am not a personal trainer nor a physician, dont know this for sure, but maybe now you know what to search for when you check it out uself... Ive been doing lat pulls to the chest since i started out, and ive personally never had any injuries, and ive got great strength results from it.
PedroConquersAll 1 year ago
@Arne48 cuz you'll fuck up your neck and your rotator cuff. This is needless work on your joints.
icecreamrulz420ya 1 year ago
@Arne48 only reason i can see is if your not as flexible and have to strain your neck forward to pull the bar behind your head
MrRanger1987 1 year ago
@Arne48 The reason most people think it's bad to do behind the neck is that it causes more stress on the shoulder and can cause a rotator cuff injury. This may be true with a heavier weights, as there will be a higher risk of injury. To be safe, I would say pull to the chest. It's the same workout, more full range of motion and lower risk of injury.
p.s. your hot
AJBurtonOperator 7 months ago
@AJBurtonOperator I'm very interested in which of the rotary cuff muscles you are hurting with this exercise, I can agree with you if we are talking about press behind neck but not lat pull down behind the neck.
Arne48 7 months ago
@Arne48 extreme shoulder rotation and abduction occur. This stresses the shoulder capsule and inferior glenohumeral ligament, which can cause shoulder instability. If you are not very flexible and want to play it safe, don't do it behind the neck. So with this being said, I don't see any advantage as to why doing it fehind the neck is better? Unless you can give me a reason
AJBurtonOperator 7 months ago
@AJBurtonOperator The main reason for me to rekommend this exercise, especially for the beginners, is because it's much easier to do correctly comparing to lat pulldown against the chest. Lots of beginners are doing this exercise incredible wrong. I've been instructor since 1978 and have never ever seen any of my client hurt themselves from Lat pulldown behind the neck.
Arne48 7 months ago
@AJBurtonOperator Press behind the neck and even squat (barbell on the neck) are much more dangerous for the rotator cuff and the shoulder joint.
Arne48 7 months ago
@Arne48 If they are beginners its even better to show them the right type of exercise, which is not behind the neck but to the chest. You should be teaching them that it is dangerous, just like I have to you. I may not have been an instructor for as long as you, but it's pretty clear to any rational person with the amount of research out there that it is a dangerous execution and easily fixed by doing it the correct way.
AJBurtonOperator 7 months ago
@AJBurtonOperator I have studied human anatomy at the medical level, evolutionary anatomy and comparative anatomy. I have been teaching medical students in dissection techniques on human preparations ... I'm not totally stupid in terms of anatomy ...
I can not see any dangers in this exercise. If the exercise would have been dangerous and provide a much damage so I had obviously stopped teaching the lat pull behind the neck for several decades ago.
Arne48 7 months ago
@Arne48 It seems like you're just stubborn to listen to all the people who have been telling you how high of a risk this type of exercise is to your rotator cuff. Just try google-ing about this exercise, and there are literally hundreds of articles and publications expressing the dangers and not recommending this exercise. A lot of these publications are from Professors with a PhD since you're so concerned about credentials. And I don't know why you are a trainer if you teach medical students?
AJBurtonOperator 7 months ago
@AJBurtonOperator I would, of course, not have shown this exercise if it were harmful, as I have not found. I have not received any sustainable anatomical explanation for this exercise alleged harmfulness. Many of these explanations is nonsense on a par with 'expert' claims that the wrists should be straight in for example in the bench press when they in fact must be dorsalflexed. Other 'scientific' assertions is that they could stop the growth if you started lifting weights at a young age...
Arne48 7 months ago
@Arne48 The reason why children should not weight train at a young age is because their bones are still very brittle while their tendons are very strong. If they lift a weight heavy enough the muscle which is attached to the tendon which attaches to the bone, will create a shear force that rips off the piece of bone attached to the tendon. That's the scientific assertion you're thinking of. If you haven't read that, then you haven't done much research about that, or about behind the neck injury.
AJBurtonOperator 7 months ago
@AJBurtonOperator Have you ever think about the tremendus force on the body when a child is running, jumping, wrestling, throwing and playing soccer comparing to strenght training? I don't think so...
When do you think we should begin strength training?
Do you know when the epiphysis plates in our bones is closed?
Arne48 7 months ago
@Arne48 how can you compare weight training to jumping or kicking a soccer ball?
You are probably the worst trainer I have ever talked to. You are too ignorant to look at the real studies and make absurd conclusions.
Find another career.
AJBurtonOperator 7 months ago
@AJBurtonOperator Sorry that you do not realize and understand what I write. There is much greater risk of injury in the sports I mentioned compared to weight training. There is no evidence that heavy strength training would be dangerous for young people. If they do the exercise ijn correct form.
Perhaps it is you my friend who need to find another career ...?
Arne48 7 months ago
@Arne48 You don't know what my career is, but nice try.
AJBurtonOperator 7 months ago
@AJBurtonOperator Thank You my friend...
Arne48 7 months ago
@Arne48 I'm not your friend.
AJBurtonOperator 7 months ago
@AJBurtonOperator Of course You are my friend.... ha ha ha!
Arne48 7 months ago
@AJBurtonOperator Unfortunately, 1995 ended the anatomical department at Lund University. When stopped, unfortunately, all dissection training for medical students. I think this is very sad.
I have trained instructors and judges in the Swedish Bodybuilding Federation since 1986.
Today I mostly train instructors and provide less frequent instructions to the clients.
Arne48 7 months ago
Distubed - down with the sickness
MitchboyXD 2 years ago
Önskar det var såhär bra musik på mitt gym också :(
Pypamid 2 years ago
I agree with the man who warned against the behind the neck pulldown in this one case. Most exercises are safe if done correctly, and with moderate weight. But I have noticed that for me- this particular exercise was the ONLY one out of almost 100 that actually FELT like it was putting my body in a compromising position. That's just Common Sense. I have managed to develop a very good back without that exercise. The Basic Pullup will do WORLDS More than this sorry exercise... trust me.
mydogjesus 2 years ago
Ha ha ha! Bullshit! Give one REAL proof that this exercise are dangerous?
Arne48 2 years ago
@Arne48 i dont think he meant that it was dangerous i think he was saying it didnt feel right for him. he didnt say it shouldnt be ignored or it was dangerous just that he didnt like it for himself
0587dave 1 year ago
@Arne48 proofwww.youtube.com/watch?v=cvCkbq9YJ-k&feature=related
mrmagicflash20009 1 year ago
@mrmagicflash20009 Ha ha! The good old crap from "the experts". I have never ever seen any injury from this exercise. I have been instructor since 1978.
Arne48 1 year ago
@Arne48 no shoulder problems in the gyms? Most housewives have better functional shoulders than bodybuilders...something wrong with that picture
bobbyt442002 7 months ago
@Arne48 ha there not even bad i dont know wat there talking bout, behind the neck shoulder press is the one thats bad. nice vid btw
Spongerking45 1 year ago
I tried behind the neck for the 1st time sunday. No problems till I went to bed.
I feel real tense and pain on my middle upper back/neck
for 2 days now. Needless to say no more behind the neck for me
kabooski 2 years ago
Train it for at least a month. You are probably very stiff. A common problem.
Arne48 2 years ago
Yeah..i did this for the first time a couple od days ago now my middle back feels really tight, like nothing i felt before, don't mind the feeling of muscle ache but this is something else! Anyways i might try again because i figure it must be building something back there and like you said its prob to do with stiffness
MrMakaveli007 2 years ago
i like donuts.
spinsykel 2 years ago
youre gonna tear up some back muscles doing that behind your neck.
spinsykel 2 years ago
Absolutely not! This is not true. Which ones do you mean? I think this is one of many modern "PT-myths"..
Arne48 2 years ago
the rotator cuff muscles and the tendons that attach them to the bone. Keep it light and you'll probably be fine.
Sportsman4920 2 years ago
How exactly do you mean how to tear the muscles and tendons?
Arne48 2 years ago
bringing the bar down behind the neck puts extra stress on the muscles and connective tissue that hold the shoulder in the socket. If done with great care and moderate weight, it shouldn't be a problem. However, if performed with less than slow speed and strict form, it may cause irritation or tendon tears. Same with behind the neck presses. Some people can do them and have no problem because of good genetics and luck of avoiding an acute injury.
Sportsman4920 2 years ago
That you are saying is only true if doing press behind neck. NOT with Lat pull dowm behind the neck, I think, with your comments, that you should warn for heavy squat with bars behind neck. THIS exercise is much more riskful for the struktures you named.
I have NEVER seen any person got any injury of Lat pulldown behind neck or Chind behind neck, during my over 30 years experience sa gyminstructor,
Arne48 2 years ago
It's unlikely to cause an acute injury, but it can cause micro trauma that can eventually lead to joint problems. If one is flexible and uses light weight, he or she will most likely not have issues. However, it is not a "PT-myth" that it can cause problems. It's easy to put too much stress on the rotator cuff muscles and tendons when forcing something behind the neck. It does not matter whether one is pressing or pulling it. I'm not trying to be disrespectful, but it is how the body works.
Sportsman4920 2 years ago
I think the best for you is to stop all strengt training!!! Bench press (the rotator cuff muscles etc.)and deep Squat (Kne injuries etc.).... If you are serios you can probably find more or less serios injuries on every existing exercises.
Arne48 2 years ago
The difference is that leg development will be hindered if one does not do squats. If one does pulldowns to the chest instead of pulldowns behind the neck, lat development will not be hindered. It's a risk-reward situation. To me squats are worth the risk of knee problems. But behind the neck pulldowns instead of pull downs to the front are not worth it. They may be to you and that is fine.
Sportsman4920 2 years ago
But you have the heavy barbell in a very dangerous position (close position) behind the neck especially for M. supraspinatus...
Arne48 2 years ago
Idag grasserar det en massa trams, som kallas "säker träning" mm. Att det skulle vara farligt att köra bakom nacken är bara ett exempel på tokigheterna. Hitills har jag inte hört en enda hållbar motivering av den sk "expertisen" att det skulle vara farligt. Det verkar som det sunda förnuftet ibland slutat råda idag...
Arne48 3 years ago
va det hon som skrek 0:18? :D
XbitSamurai 3 years ago
Ha ha ha! Nej, det var en av våra "proffsbyggare".
Arne48 3 years ago
haha uhhh, var ju tur det :D
XbitSamurai 3 years ago
hahaha:D
Musketor 3 years ago
Bakom nacken! Vad skulle Axon säga! :O :O :O
;)
kalvhult 3 years ago
Ha ha ha! Förhoppningsvis att det är en kanonövning, efter att själv seriöst testat den....
Arne48 3 years ago
Bra gjort Arne!
softesven 3 years ago
Tack....
Arne48 3 years ago