Chimpanzees have quite pink skin and black hair. This needs to be considered. Once the humans became hairless the skin color may have changed because of more sun exposure. But why would the humans loose their hair in such a situation when clothing was not existing. Other apes and monkeys have darker skin. But Chimpanzees live in the tropical region with a lot of sun, too.
@frankwsweet Ok I'll check. Also I wish to find out more why Chimpanzees are in fact pink skinned tropical cousins. They don't have dark skin like African humans but they are definitely an African species. There may be an interesting discovery because it allows us to presume that Chimpanzees and Bonobos are in fact a "white race" among apes and who knows if first humans were not the issue of white or pale skinned apes and that darker skin came only as a variety among early humans ?
@NickVenture1 I think that most mammals have pale skin (except polar bears, which have unique adaptations). Their fur protects mammals from from the sun. Furless hominids probably adapted to darker skin for sun protection, as you suggested.
@NickVenture1 why would an animal that lives in nature evolve into an animal that requires clothing and shoes to protect against the elements? i.e. Humans. It's something to ponder. Apes and Chimps have thick paw-like hands and feet and are covered in thick skin and hair. It makes no logical sense that we'd evolve into an animal that needs to make items to protect against the elements. Maybe we were in caves for hundreds of thousands of years or something fiddled with our genetics.
@NickVenture1 I recommend Richard G. Klein, _The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins_, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1999) or Steve Jones, Robert Martin, and David Pilbeam, eds. _The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution_ (Cambridge UK: Cambridge University, 1992).
If the whiteness of Europeans is down to diet and positioning, why in the animal kingdom do you get leucistic crocodiles? Because they don't eat grain and they live at sea level. Also Neanderthals were pale skinned, red haired and blue eyed. Their diet was mostly meat.
So crocodiles that are green, eat less meat than white crocodiles? I don't think so. I think it's purely genetic.
Frank, I like you videos, however the grain theory doesn't end to convince me. Europeans lived 30,000 years in Southern Europe during the last Ice Age, Inuits have only lived 8,000 years after the Ice Age ended. While Cro-Magnons didn't live in the polar caps, they still lived in a harsh climate. Not to mention that the polar caps in Mongolia were further north while half of Europe was covered by them.
@Liliumforsth Actually, that was pretty much the scientific consensus until a few decades ago: Europeans descended from white European apes, Africans descended from black African apes, Chinese descended from yellow... etc. That this sounds silly today shows how much our understanding has advanced.
@frankwsweet I said the because some Persians are white. . if you put the clock back 3 thousand years that whole area in the middle east near the equator was mostly white European. . This video tells me that your not taking in to account miscegenation, racial warfare and conflict, and mass immigrations.. Where did the English come from with their chariots
@frankwsweet You gotta be kidding that the previous thoughts were for races descending from different colored hominids? I never heard that. I think you're just being silly. (The thought was NOT that humans evolved from apes. There was a common ancestor.)
Although, until about 20 years ago, I thought that human migration towards the poles created the darker skin.
@Liliumforsth Huh? Humans popped out of holes? I've never heard of the rodent theory. I think the common thought has usually been of all humans descending from the same. Some might have thought that some races were left behind.
Very interesting...i am of irish heritage..when i was very young i was extremely pale with red hair and a face smothered with freckles. As i grew older my freckles slowly dissapeared and my hair darkened greatly. As a boy i burned easily and never tanned, but with age i now tan very deeply considering my heritage but my freckles left my face and appear now on my shoulders back and arms. in summer my hair lightens but in winter it gets very dark, almost black looking at times. Any thoughts?
@bilvis48 That is not uncommon. Most kids darken at puberty (boys more so than girls). Our 7-year-old grandson may be like you: fair skin and dark hair in winter but darker skin and blonde hair in the summer sun. He is also getting darker as he gets older. Although the MC1R314 mutation that produces red hair and freckles is common in the British Isles, it is also found in Africa; you just cannot usually see it through all the base melanin unless the person has dual ancestry.
@frankwsweet I find this subject fascinating..if you could elaborate on what you mean by 'mutation' pertaining to hair color and freckles..i would greatlly appreciate it. Im 49 yrs. old and my body (as far as complexion) is continually changing..i woulld think that at my age, any physiological changes would have been long past...but one particular my wife has noticed is that even if i have had very little sun time..(work alot of nights) that there is always a distinct tan line at my belt line.?
@bilvis48 Each person's genome contains about 750Mb of data. There are millions of tiny hereditary differences between individuals. That is why kids look like their parents. Those variations are called alleles, polymorphisms, or mutations. Among the many variants that affect skin tone is a version of the 314th nucleotide of first melanocortin receptor gene. That particular tweak produces red hair and freckles. Google mc1r314 and freckles to learn more.
@bilvis48 Different genes switch on or off all throughout life: think gray hair and parchment skin. Also, your base skin tone, how easily or deeply you tan, and how long the tan lasts, are all independent genes. I am light beige from head to toe because my tan lasts only a few weeks. But I have a friend who is albino-white where his bathing suit covers, and light brown everwhere else--even in February. His base color is lighter than mine but his tan is deeper and apparently lasts all year.
@bilvis48 Try to find a copy of Ashley H. Robins, _Biological Perspectives on Human Pigmentation_ (Cambridge University, 1991). It explains everything and includes the Sandra Laing case.
@936justme I would definitely suggest physical anthropology, epecially paleo-anthropology using DNA. It is fascinating and a lot of fun. To be honest, sometimes I wish I had pursed my doctorate in physical anthropology, rather than in history.
@bilvis48 I have no explanation for the Sandra Laing case. Conversely, millions of African-American parents have Euro-looking kids. See tinyurl(dot)com(slash)7fjq799 . But that is because virtually all A-As are mixed. None of the Laings were tested for autosomal continent-of-ancestry admixture.
@frankwsweet Thanks...the dialogue is a little deep..(for me).but i find myself very interested in this genetic phenomenon...thank you for taking the time to respond, and giving me some insight.
Where is the article or research that proved this fact? I would like to read it. Because it doesn't make sense why there are lighter skinned Africans in Warmer climates who have no admixture. It also doesn't explain the Africans on the Figi islands.
@amusingmyslf Correct, See backintyme(dot)com(slash)textures(slash)anthropology(slash)E1-05.jpg along the north coast of Norway to Finland.The Saami also are a bit darker.
@frankwsweet... sounded so convincing.. i thought it had become a theory already..! btw,, this question has always baffled me.. and the baltic 'hypothesis' (lets call it that) seems really convincing... but yea.. it will take a lot more work for it to develop into a sound theory! thanx for sharing the video though.
so basically the humans who migrated into europe evolved into adult children (with the obvious visible things being bright coloured skin and hair and eyes and features otherwise only found in young children) and then f**ked the world over?
it sort of makes sense when you consider that it is also mostly only white humans who are not allergic to milk as adults, and continue to consume milk (in the form of pregnant or lactating cows' breast milk) even when they are adults
@PyTuSol Some people are lactose-tolerant and can digest milk in adulthood without difficulty. Others cannot. Among the former are most Danes, Dutch, Watutsi, and Maasai. Among populations who suffer digestive discomfort if they drink milk as adults are most Sicilians, Greeks, Bantus and the Khoisan. You are more likely to be lactose-tolerant if your ancestors were primarily herders. If your ancestors were mainly cultivators of grains, then you are more likely to be lactose-intolerant.
Did you ever noticed that the entire cave picture is painted brown, maybe because that's the only color they could find back in the stone age? Did that ever cross anyone's mind?
@LSKEJ88 Highr IQs? you must be white. This is a result of your socialization and upbringing. I have taugt both white and asians,they did not exihibit any intellectual capacity than a normal average student. As for Africa compared to developed and westernized societies, it is the lack of opportunity, conducive environment and technicological capacity that inhibits accessibility to the same educational and developmental opportunities available to populations in the developed areas.
white folk still tan in direct sunlight , we most of us do. We still have melanin just mush less , there for the save painting still might be depicting ancient euorpeans with sun tans . I bet if I spent most of my live in direct sunlight Id be sporting a year round tan.
By "way more homo sapien", I meant that while Asians and whites are 2-4% Neanderthal, we are still more homo sapien than neanderthal. I dislike that some blacks seem to use that 2-4% to make us less human and justify their hate and violence.
-Neanderthals were the first humans who buried their dead and they developed better stone tools. It was recently discovered that they also created art figures. After studying their hyoids scientists discovered that Neanderthals did have a language. Larger cranial capacity IS correlated directly with intelligence.
-There are plenty of independent studies proving that Asians and whites have higher iq scores than blacks. The truth hurts.
When space travel finally gets of the ground,and human colonies are set up on Mars,its probable that humans will eventually evolve a green pigment in their skin
@namron974: Perhaps Martians will adopt a symbiont, just as plants did 450 mya in order to build up sugars without need to eat. I seem to have read a scifi story to that effect some years ago.
Besides, what this joker can't seem to "prove" is how somehow these same "low vitamin-D conditions" managed to magically become present everywhere that Whites colonized. Clearly, that is impossible to prove, as these are all different kinds of areas and don't have the same conditions. I can go overdose on vitamin D right now and it's not going to turn my skin darker at all. Crazy people...
@EvilsOfFeminism No, but if I kill the lightest half of the children in your province before they can reproduce, then do the same with their children, and theirs, and so forth for many generations, their descendants will be very dark indeed. Selection works on heredity, not on individuals. You cannot make a collie out an ancestral dog by pulling on its nose.
@frankwsweet The vitamin D hypothesis has been debunked, please research the current theories.
It has been proven that dark skin absorbs just as much vitamin D in northern climates if not more. Dark skin absorbs sunlight in northern and southern climates, and then ingeniously distributes or blocks it from the body. Northern Arctic climates produce almost as much UV radiation as equatorial, as snow reflects 80% of sunlight.
@frankwsweet White skin people actually have less dense bones, as their skin reflects sunlight and in general they have less vitamin D.
This is why Europeans are very tolerant of Calcium, as they need it to replace their lack of Vitamin D, and the depletion of calcium from their skeleton.
White skin is nothing more or less than a random genetic mutation without any benefit, and was harmless enough Northern climates for them to survive.
@AskariWaryaa P1. A random genetic mutation cant possibly spread unless its a benefit to a species, thats a fact. If a mutation wasnt beneficial it would die out immediately. In any case, light skin is not a mutation but a gradual process that spanned 10s of thousands of years. People in cooler darker climates do not need overly melanated skin as darker skin DOES block UV intake. Thats what melanin is for, is it not ??
not true, it takes unknown thousands of years for genetic traits to manifest. there is no "immediate" die out. many genetice mutations spread that are not beneficial. you need to study genetics before you make yourself look like an ass.
They became extinct because their large bone and muscle structure was best suited for hand to hand combat, then we showed up with our airborne weapons and wiped them out. They were just as intelligent as cro magnons. Their descendants (since every black person loves to bring that up!) have significantly higher iqs than modern day blacks. 2-4% isn't a whole lot of contribution, whites and Asians are still way more homo sapien.
@LSKEJ88: A couple of points. What proof do you have for your:
- wiping out conjecture?
- "just as intelligent as cro magnons"? They're brains, other than simple capacity, are rather beyond our study.
- "Their descendants have significantly higher iqs than modern day blacks"?
I would remind you that your definition of H. sap, except for south Africans, is not for Homo sapiens before Neadertal, but for the mixed sapiens/neandertal hybrid. What does way more sapiens mean? Specifics?
I made my own study and here is goes. First black people have white underneith their color. Look at the white from our hands and the bottom of our feet. White people have the white all over their body. Now even though we call white people white, they are really pale skin. This is why you can see red in most of their skin tone. Yet if you look closly to a black person who is brown skin, you can see a little redness as well. The blood can show just a tad through the brown skin.
The sources (citations and references) for this presentation are in the original paper. I have given its URL in prior replies. Coon's work was interesting and popular when it was published by Ripley in 1899 and re-edited by Coon in 1933. But it has been scientifically obsolete for two-thirds of a century
Please touch upon the genetics that show that europeans n asians have up to 5% Neanderthal dna. I've read that it is indicative of light eyes n hair. The shape of the Neanderthal is similiar to modern light skinned people. Flat butt, wide ribs, quantity of body hair, shorter legs n arms are all non African traits. I also read that the only 100% humans r in subsaharan Africa.
@diva123abc Good idea, I shall. Give me a few months until Paabo's findings are replicated. For now, 4 points: The natives of New Guinea and Borneo have more neandertal DNA than do the natives of Europe; neandertal hair and eye color are unknown; the neandertals were more cold-adapted than H. sapiens, but the Inuit are more cold-adapted than Europeans; sub-Saharans did not interbreed with neandertals but did interbreed with heidelbergensis before the diaspora.
@longwalker1967: I think you're way out on a limb, there, long. The rh factor is named just because it also occurs, and was first noted, in rhesus monkeys. There is no ontoward connection; or perhaps more true, we all have monkey uncles. I think genetics repudiates your theory; rh factor says absolutely nothing about monkey heritage.
@segano1 Sickle-cell (HbS) is common in Africa and all around the Mediterranean because it confers immunity to the worst kind of malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) for people with just one copy of the gene. A European-only gene with a similar effect is cystic fibrosis (but for a different disease).
@AdrianThePedestrian I do not have an answer, but Africans are not uniquely black. Andaman islanders, Melanesians, New Guineans, Australian aborigines, and many of the folks in southern India and Sri Lanka are just as dark as Bantu-speaking Africans. Also, the Khoi-San are no darker than, say, Arabs.
The cartoon professor just told you. Black people have dark skin because it act as a natural sunblock. The closer you are to the equator the darker your skin. The first people on the earth were black Sub-Saharan Africans around 1.2 million years ago. All people having descendants today had the same receptor protein of today's Africans. Back then that region was very hot. In oder for people not to have skin cancer and other skin diseases; the skin became darker as a
Sorry I misspelled in order wrong; I tend to type very fast. Out of all things I have mentioned in my comments that's the only thing that you're focus on, one misspelled word?!
@AdrianThePedestrian natural sunblock and the hair became coiled to puff the direct sun from penetrating their heads. If people in that region had lighter skin their chance of survival was slim. Skin cancer as a result of ultraviolet light radiation causing mutations in skin is less common among people of dark skin than it is among people of light skin. Also dark skin prevents foliate, an essential B vitamin for being destroyed. Therefore, without modern medicine or diet, dark skin people
@AdrianThePedestrian living in the tropic would live longer, be healthier and more likely to reproduce than people with lighter skin. If people didn't leave prehistoric Africa in search for food; every one living today would have been black. There is this You Tube video called “The Human Family tree.” It is very fascinating in showing how today's modern humans got their colors and characteristics.
@zeroelliott4146 The various populations of "Eskimos" (Inuit, Aleut) are disussed in the video. In fact, that the people who make a living along the shores of the Arctic Ocean (including the Chukchi and Saami) are darker than Europeans is a vital point of the presentation.
so if i live at the equator long enough , my hair will change , my lips will change , my color will change ,my nose will change, my muscles will change, and the size of my penis will change ? The Equator argument ........0 evidence.
@brandontimm1001 No, but if I kill the lightest half of the children in your province before they can reproduce, then do the same with their children, and theirs, and so forth for many generations, their descendants will be very dark indeed. Selection works on heredity, not on individuals. You cannot make a collie out an ancestral dog by pulling on its nose.
Excellent! However, I still have some doubts, considering that events of migration must've influenced a lot as well. I'd ask you, for example: why do Amerindians who live near the Equator have a lighter, sometimes much lighter skin than the black populations that live in similar latitudes in Africa? I'm from Brazil and live near the equator, and excluding the fact we here have a population mostly of foreign origin I have seen no Amerindian with the dark skin color of a Nigerian or Angolan.
@Homoclassicus Good observation of the second oddity. Actually, the full research paper that inspired this video (tinyurl(dot)com(slash)6h242se) discusses both anomalies. The most popular hypothesis is that Indians lack genetic diversity because only a handful of people crossed Beringia 20 Kya.
@frankwsweet Oh yes, I've seen it after I read the whole article. That's a very plausible point. Indeed, all the Amerindians look basically similar, even though I can clearly recognize if an Amerindian is from North America, Peru or Brazil (even within Brazil, I have seen people from tribes who have very fair facial characteristics and others with somewhat larger noses and other facial features). It isn't also very uncommon to find Amerindians with light brown eyes.
People living in Artic regions are probably darker because they have to deal with reflected UV light from the snow. Their lower eyelids are often higher to protect from snow blindness.
I'm not going to say that this is necessarily a load of crap, because it's possible, yeh why not... but I have seen Japanese, Koreans even Chinese who are white like me even whiter some, although different in appearance still. How do you explain that? Especially if the Baltic is the only place to allow this mutation. O, by the way, we have blondes and redheads in the Balkans too, adults.
@miavaso You question the fact that the natives of the Baltic region have less pigmentation than any other population. My E1 presentation does not argue in favor of the reality of that fact. It merely explains its cause. Many independent researchers (not me) have reported the fact itself in numerous peer-reviewed journals and monographs. To see a few of their maps and methods, visit backintyme (dot) com (slash) essays (slash) item (slash) 4. You should write to those scientists, not me.
@chsn09 I think that they saw themselves as a blend of two source populations -- upper and lower Egypt -- and distinct from Hittites, Syrians, etc. They did not use the same groupings as modern Americans.
@chsn09 Biologically speaking, I would agree. But It depends on what you mean by "race." Even today, many European anthropology journals use the terms: "the Italian race," "the Polish race," "the Irish race," and so forth. That is the biggest problem with the word: everybody means something different by it.
Race : A phenotypically and/or geographically distinctive subspecific group, composed of individuals inhabiting a defined geographical and/or ecological region, and possessing characteristic phenotypic and gene frequencies that distinguish it from other such groups. (King and Stansfield dictionary of genetics 1990)
@miavaso: It would seem to me that migrations of small groups and individuals, particularly for war or trade purposes, would be sufficient to answer why the nordic features may be found elsewhere in Europe and west Asia. As for others in the orient, it could be a parallel process of mutation, a separate one which happens to have similar results, or genetic drift, as the good Prof Hemmings said. If you want real answers rather than my speculation, tho, you'll have to look into current research.
it makes sense, but haven't they found that there is a 2 to 3 percent difference in human DNA between different types of people, how would sun effect this
@306cas, True, though it depends on how you measure the percentages (some differences are synonyms, so do not affect the organism). But you are right. Most differences are between individuals, not between populations. And so, each person carries lots of potential variation in his/her DNA (that 2-3 percent). We can all pass favorable adaptations to our offspring. Adaptations useful to a region tend to accumulate in the inhabitants. That is why the Maasai are slender while the Inuit are stocky.
Chimpanzees have quite pink skin and black hair. This needs to be considered. Once the humans became hairless the skin color may have changed because of more sun exposure. But why would the humans loose their hair in such a situation when clothing was not existing. Other apes and monkeys have darker skin. But Chimpanzees live in the tropical region with a lot of sun, too.
NickVenture1 23 hours ago
@NickVenture1 There are 3 popular hypotheses: an aquatic phase, thermoregulation, and parasites. Just google "why did humans lose their fur".
frankwsweet 23 hours ago
@frankwsweet Ok I'll check. Also I wish to find out more why Chimpanzees are in fact pink skinned tropical cousins. They don't have dark skin like African humans but they are definitely an African species. There may be an interesting discovery because it allows us to presume that Chimpanzees and Bonobos are in fact a "white race" among apes and who knows if first humans were not the issue of white or pale skinned apes and that darker skin came only as a variety among early humans ?
NickVenture1 20 hours ago
@NickVenture1 I think that most mammals have pale skin (except polar bears, which have unique adaptations). Their fur protects mammals from from the sun. Furless hominids probably adapted to darker skin for sun protection, as you suggested.
frankwsweet 5 hours ago
@NickVenture1 why would an animal that lives in nature evolve into an animal that requires clothing and shoes to protect against the elements? i.e. Humans. It's something to ponder. Apes and Chimps have thick paw-like hands and feet and are covered in thick skin and hair. It makes no logical sense that we'd evolve into an animal that needs to make items to protect against the elements. Maybe we were in caves for hundreds of thousands of years or something fiddled with our genetics.
scuffryda 6 hours ago
@NickVenture1 I recommend Richard G. Klein, _The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins_, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1999) or Steve Jones, Robert Martin, and David Pilbeam, eds. _The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution_ (Cambridge UK: Cambridge University, 1992).
frankwsweet 5 hours ago
If the whiteness of Europeans is down to diet and positioning, why in the animal kingdom do you get leucistic crocodiles? Because they don't eat grain and they live at sea level. Also Neanderthals were pale skinned, red haired and blue eyed. Their diet was mostly meat.
So crocodiles that are green, eat less meat than white crocodiles? I don't think so. I think it's purely genetic.
TheGrim86Reaper 6 days ago
@TheGrim86Reaper Of course it is purely genetic. Almost every trait is. But some hereditary variations are random and some are adaptive.
frankwsweet 5 hours ago
Frank, I like you videos, however the grain theory doesn't end to convince me. Europeans lived 30,000 years in Southern Europe during the last Ice Age, Inuits have only lived 8,000 years after the Ice Age ended. While Cro-Magnons didn't live in the polar caps, they still lived in a harsh climate. Not to mention that the polar caps in Mongolia were further north while half of Europe was covered by them.
Dreamer00JK 1 week ago
People must think Europeans just popped out of holes in Europe. as if all the racial types are where they are now and forever have been.
Liliumforsth 1 week ago 2
@Liliumforsth Actually, that was pretty much the scientific consensus until a few decades ago: Europeans descended from white European apes, Africans descended from black African apes, Chinese descended from yellow... etc. That this sounds silly today shows how much our understanding has advanced.
frankwsweet 1 week ago
@frankwsweet It was a hypothesis, back then it wasn't a consensus but a hypothesis put forth at the time. .
Liliumforsth 1 week ago
@frankwsweet I said the because some Persians are white. . if you put the clock back 3 thousand years that whole area in the middle east near the equator was mostly white European. . This video tells me that your not taking in to account miscegenation, racial warfare and conflict, and mass immigrations.. Where did the English come from with their chariots
Liliumforsth 1 week ago
@frankwsweet You gotta be kidding that the previous thoughts were for races descending from different colored hominids? I never heard that. I think you're just being silly. (The thought was NOT that humans evolved from apes. There was a common ancestor.)
Although, until about 20 years ago, I thought that human migration towards the poles created the darker skin.
Scottit 1 week ago
@Scottit I meant migration toward the equator, instead of "poles".
Scottit 1 week ago
@Scottit Franz Weidenreich; Carelton Coon.
frankwsweet 1 week ago
@frankwsweet so how does bubbles the chimp fall into your theory?
richyrollins 2 days ago
@richyrollins What is "bubbles the chimp" and what has it to do with mankind's migrations?
frankwsweet 2 days ago
@Liliumforsth Huh? Humans popped out of holes? I've never heard of the rodent theory. I think the common thought has usually been of all humans descending from the same. Some might have thought that some races were left behind.
Scottit 1 week ago
We didn't loss the genes for pigment. We just inherited the genes for less pigment.
HitleriteNazi 2 weeks ago
thank you professor !
usmanhar 2 weeks ago
little sun light in north
so melanin pigment gone out to take more light
dhksrksalem 2 weeks ago
Very interesting...i am of irish heritage..when i was very young i was extremely pale with red hair and a face smothered with freckles. As i grew older my freckles slowly dissapeared and my hair darkened greatly. As a boy i burned easily and never tanned, but with age i now tan very deeply considering my heritage but my freckles left my face and appear now on my shoulders back and arms. in summer my hair lightens but in winter it gets very dark, almost black looking at times. Any thoughts?
bilvis48 3 weeks ago
@bilvis48 That is not uncommon. Most kids darken at puberty (boys more so than girls). Our 7-year-old grandson may be like you: fair skin and dark hair in winter but darker skin and blonde hair in the summer sun. He is also getting darker as he gets older. Although the MC1R314 mutation that produces red hair and freckles is common in the British Isles, it is also found in Africa; you just cannot usually see it through all the base melanin unless the person has dual ancestry.
frankwsweet 3 weeks ago
@frankwsweet I find this subject fascinating..if you could elaborate on what you mean by 'mutation' pertaining to hair color and freckles..i would greatlly appreciate it. Im 49 yrs. old and my body (as far as complexion) is continually changing..i woulld think that at my age, any physiological changes would have been long past...but one particular my wife has noticed is that even if i have had very little sun time..(work alot of nights) that there is always a distinct tan line at my belt line.?
bilvis48 2 weeks ago
@bilvis48 Each person's genome contains about 750Mb of data. There are millions of tiny hereditary differences between individuals. That is why kids look like their parents. Those variations are called alleles, polymorphisms, or mutations. Among the many variants that affect skin tone is a version of the 314th nucleotide of first melanocortin receptor gene. That particular tweak produces red hair and freckles. Google mc1r314 and freckles to learn more.
frankwsweet 2 weeks ago
@bilvis48 Different genes switch on or off all throughout life: think gray hair and parchment skin. Also, your base skin tone, how easily or deeply you tan, and how long the tan lasts, are all independent genes. I am light beige from head to toe because my tan lasts only a few weeks. But I have a friend who is albino-white where his bathing suit covers, and light brown everwhere else--even in February. His base color is lighter than mine but his tan is deeper and apparently lasts all year.
frankwsweet 2 weeks ago
@bilvis48 Try to find a copy of Ashley H. Robins, _Biological Perspectives on Human Pigmentation_ (Cambridge University, 1991). It explains everything and includes the Sandra Laing case.
frankwsweet 2 weeks ago
ok, i luuuuv this topic, if i want to study it i guess it would be anthropology? or genetics?
936justme 3 weeks ago
@936justme I would definitely suggest physical anthropology, epecially paleo-anthropology using DNA. It is fascinating and a lot of fun. To be honest, sometimes I wish I had pursed my doctorate in physical anthropology, rather than in history.
frankwsweet 3 weeks ago
@frankwsweet Wow!....just read her story(sara)!!!....How the hell does that happen?...Do you know if it has ever happened in the reverse?!
bilvis48 2 weeks ago
@bilvis48 I have no explanation for the Sandra Laing case. Conversely, millions of African-American parents have Euro-looking kids. See tinyurl(dot)com(slash)7fjq799 . But that is because virtually all A-As are mixed. None of the Laings were tested for autosomal continent-of-ancestry admixture.
frankwsweet 2 weeks ago
@frankwsweet Thanks...the dialogue is a little deep..(for me).but i find myself very interested in this genetic phenomenon...thank you for taking the time to respond, and giving me some insight.
bilvis48 2 weeks ago
Nordic Aliens? Like Zeus, Thor and Apollo? That the only way that makes sense.
fortyoz76 3 weeks ago
Why then are Eskimos so dark?
amusingmyslf 3 weeks ago
@amusingmyslf Because they live off fish and meat, not grain. This is the point of the video.
frankwsweet 3 weeks ago
@frankwsweet
Where is the article or research that proved this fact? I would like to read it. Because it doesn't make sense why there are lighter skinned Africans in Warmer climates who have no admixture. It also doesn't explain the Africans on the Figi islands.
This is not a "knock" on your video btw.
84Drumcircle 3 weeks ago
@84Drumcircle As it says in the description: For the scholarly version, with all sources, visit backintyme(dot)com(slash)essays(slash)item(slash)4
frankwsweet 3 weeks ago
@frankwsweet
Thanks,
84Drumcircle 3 weeks ago
@frankwsweet Viking/Nordic/seaside dwellers in the extreme northern Europe? Didnt grow much, lots of fish and meat. They should be a tad darker then.
amusingmyslf 3 weeks ago
@amusingmyslf Correct, See backintyme(dot)com(slash)textures(slash)anthropology(slash)E1-05.jpg along the north coast of Norway to Finland.The Saami also are a bit darker.
frankwsweet 3 weeks ago
@amusingmyslf Also, E1-15.jpg in the same URL.
frankwsweet 3 weeks ago
@amusingmyslf Eskimos eat seal that effect the color of there skin god Bless Real answer TheNamesMillen
TheNamesMillen1 3 weeks ago
it's not long ago european children had problem with their health - especially in bigger cities ... no sunlight .... vitamine D
Soachratz 3 weeks ago
@frankwsweet... sounded so convincing.. i thought it had become a theory already..! btw,, this question has always baffled me.. and the baltic 'hypothesis' (lets call it that) seems really convincing... but yea.. it will take a lot more work for it to develop into a sound theory! thanx for sharing the video though.
rahsarda 3 weeks ago
expalins a lot.. great theory!
rahsarda 3 weeks ago
@rahsarda It is just a hypothesis. It would require a lot more work before it could become a theory.
frankwsweet 3 weeks ago
so basically the humans who migrated into europe evolved into adult children (with the obvious visible things being bright coloured skin and hair and eyes and features otherwise only found in young children) and then f**ked the world over?
it sort of makes sense when you consider that it is also mostly only white humans who are not allergic to milk as adults, and continue to consume milk (in the form of pregnant or lactating cows' breast milk) even when they are adults
PyTuSol 1 month ago
@PyTuSol Some people are lactose-tolerant and can digest milk in adulthood without difficulty. Others cannot. Among the former are most Danes, Dutch, Watutsi, and Maasai. Among populations who suffer digestive discomfort if they drink milk as adults are most Sicilians, Greeks, Bantus and the Khoisan. You are more likely to be lactose-tolerant if your ancestors were primarily herders. If your ancestors were mainly cultivators of grains, then you are more likely to be lactose-intolerant.
frankwsweet 3 weeks ago
Did you ever noticed that the entire cave picture is painted brown, maybe because that's the only color they could find back in the stone age? Did that ever cross anyone's mind?
MagicMutilator6000 1 month ago
@MagicMutilator6000 Good point...
MrJackbrown786 3 weeks ago
@MagicMutilator6000
You cannot fight facts with beliefs...
The knowledge that you seek... lies with the first humans
who occupied the African and European continents. The
ones who created most of the cave drawings and depictions.
"AFRICAN GRIMALDI - MAN"
44,000 years ago.
TheStarGardian 3 weeks ago
sun gives high vitamin d3 and serro0tonin and dopamine.have you good you feel when it sunny.get intune with your brain.
TheSonyb90 1 month ago
They're not. Never in my life have I seen a 'white' person.
TheLagunaSunrise 1 month ago
Caucasians are all Brown people from North Africa,middle-east and Asia/India
May be there are many Albinos living in Europe specially in North west region
kafirstunner666er 1 month ago
@kafirstunner666er
highest concentration of albinoes is in sub-sahara africa, specifically, nigeria
aminimaleffort 1 month ago
@aminimaleffort i thought it would be in Tanzania Africa,,nigeria people are really blackish
kafirstunner666er 1 month ago
@LSKEJ88 Highr IQs? you must be white. This is a result of your socialization and upbringing. I have taugt both white and asians,they did not exihibit any intellectual capacity than a normal average student. As for Africa compared to developed and westernized societies, it is the lack of opportunity, conducive environment and technicological capacity that inhibits accessibility to the same educational and developmental opportunities available to populations in the developed areas.
westherie 2 months ago
How can I take a video made with animated Weebles seriously?
MooPotPie 2 months ago 16
@MooPotPie By the same token, why should you take anything seriously?
Haseeb2 3 weeks ago
@MooPotPie animated weebles or not..... seems you simply didn't like the content and wouldn't take it seriously even when said by humans. lol
P.S. Scientists of nowadays agree with his theory. Even the evolution theory states the same.
MrHardCash 2 weeks ago
Then why did the Neandethal replica of National Geographic is red-haired and green eyed?
Eyrynomos 2 months ago
white folk still tan in direct sunlight , we most of us do. We still have melanin just mush less , there for the save painting still might be depicting ancient euorpeans with sun tans . I bet if I spent most of my live in direct sunlight Id be sporting a year round tan.
napalmcoffee 2 months ago
@napalmcoffee Good point.
frankwsweet 2 months ago
@napalmcoffee If you spent most of your life in direst sunlight you would die.
tonymackaroni75 1 month ago
@napalmcoffee - not all white people can tan. I've known several who can't (they burn) and keep away from the sun most of the time
Unitylov 1 month ago
1-4% of the genome of non-Africans is from Neanderthals
news.discovery . com/human/neanderthal-human-interbreed-dna.html
4-6% of the genome of Melanesians is from Denisovans
upf.edu/doctorats/en/actualitat/1224.html
bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12059564
BlueBerryWizard 2 months ago
Europeans are about the middle of Mongoloid and Black african.
jikan4jp2000 2 months ago
Excellent presentation!, although I kinda disagree with Prof at the the end there. This was cool.
Cerl84 2 months ago
@puncheex
By "way more homo sapien", I meant that while Asians and whites are 2-4% Neanderthal, we are still more homo sapien than neanderthal. I dislike that some blacks seem to use that 2-4% to make us less human and justify their hate and violence.
LSKEJ88 3 months ago
@puncheex
-Neanderthals were the first humans who buried their dead and they developed better stone tools. It was recently discovered that they also created art figures. After studying their hyoids scientists discovered that Neanderthals did have a language. Larger cranial capacity IS correlated directly with intelligence.
-There are plenty of independent studies proving that Asians and whites have higher iq scores than blacks. The truth hurts.
-Asians and Whites are 2-4% Neanderthal, that b
LSKEJ88 3 months ago
When space travel finally gets of the ground,and human colonies are set up on Mars,its probable that humans will eventually evolve a green pigment in their skin
or a grey pigment ??
namron974 3 months ago
@namron974: Perhaps Martians will adopt a symbiont, just as plants did 450 mya in order to build up sugars without need to eat. I seem to have read a scifi story to that effect some years ago.
puncheex 3 months ago
Besides, what this joker can't seem to "prove" is how somehow these same "low vitamin-D conditions" managed to magically become present everywhere that Whites colonized. Clearly, that is impossible to prove, as these are all different kinds of areas and don't have the same conditions. I can go overdose on vitamin D right now and it's not going to turn my skin darker at all. Crazy people...
EvilsOfFeminism 3 months ago
@EvilsOfFeminism No, but if I kill the lightest half of the children in your province before they can reproduce, then do the same with their children, and theirs, and so forth for many generations, their descendants will be very dark indeed. Selection works on heredity, not on individuals. You cannot make a collie out an ancestral dog by pulling on its nose.
frankwsweet 3 months ago
@frankwsweet That's not what he was saying.
EvilsOfFeminism 3 months ago
@EvilsOfFeminism: Inasmuch as it is frankwsweet who is saying it, both in the posting to you and in the video, I believe he knows what he said.
puncheex 1 week ago
@frankwsweet The vitamin D hypothesis has been debunked, please research the current theories.
It has been proven that dark skin absorbs just as much vitamin D in northern climates if not more. Dark skin absorbs sunlight in northern and southern climates, and then ingeniously distributes or blocks it from the body. Northern Arctic climates produce almost as much UV radiation as equatorial, as snow reflects 80% of sunlight.
People only need 15 minutes of sun twice a week.
AskariWaryaa 2 months ago
@AskariWaryaa
vitamin D is not absorbed from the sun.
aminimaleffort 1 month ago
@AskariWaryaa You know what you are talking about!
TheGeeLuv 3 weeks ago
@AskariWaryaa This is why the natives in Russia and Alaska are mostly brown people.
TheGeeLuv 3 weeks ago
@frankwsweet White skin people actually have less dense bones, as their skin reflects sunlight and in general they have less vitamin D.
This is why Europeans are very tolerant of Calcium, as they need it to replace their lack of Vitamin D, and the depletion of calcium from their skeleton.
White skin is nothing more or less than a random genetic mutation without any benefit, and was harmless enough Northern climates for them to survive.
AskariWaryaa 2 months ago
@AskariWaryaa P1. A random genetic mutation cant possibly spread unless its a benefit to a species, thats a fact. If a mutation wasnt beneficial it would die out immediately. In any case, light skin is not a mutation but a gradual process that spanned 10s of thousands of years. People in cooler darker climates do not need overly melanated skin as darker skin DOES block UV intake. Thats what melanin is for, is it not ??
YamaKazoo 2 months ago
@YamaKazoo
not true, it takes unknown thousands of years for genetic traits to manifest. there is no "immediate" die out. many genetice mutations spread that are not beneficial. you need to study genetics before you make yourself look like an ass.
aminimaleffort 1 month ago
@aminimaleffort "many genetice mutations spread that are not beneficial" like what ?
YamaKazoo 1 month ago
@YamaKazoo
cystic fibrosis, adrenoleukodystrophy, their are thousands
MrOkayKK 1 month ago
@AskariWaryaa P2. The reason why europeans are tolerant to calcium is from 1000s of years of being settled pastoral societies. Your full shite buddy
YamaKazoo 2 months ago
@EvilsOfFeminism it takes thousands of years to see a major change.
ba252504 1 month ago
@EvilsOfFeminism Your an Idiot! He's Talking about Evolution.This Obviously happened over a long Period of Time.
Reese3479 1 month ago
those two are just adorable!
swaggakid00010 3 months ago
that's interesting.
illuminatedgirl 4 months ago
Some Asians are just as pale as Northern europeans.
LigaFantasma 4 months ago
@LigaFantasma yes Ive noticed that but Asian pale is not European pale, it still has a different quality to it. I think Asian skin is better.
Raybanmonster 4 months ago
@frankwsweet
They became extinct because their large bone and muscle structure was best suited for hand to hand combat, then we showed up with our airborne weapons and wiped them out. They were just as intelligent as cro magnons. Their descendants (since every black person loves to bring that up!) have significantly higher iqs than modern day blacks. 2-4% isn't a whole lot of contribution, whites and Asians are still way more homo sapien.
LSKEJ88 5 months ago
@LSKEJ88: A couple of points. What proof do you have for your:
- wiping out conjecture?
- "just as intelligent as cro magnons"? They're brains, other than simple capacity, are rather beyond our study.
- "Their descendants have significantly higher iqs than modern day blacks"?
I would remind you that your definition of H. sap, except for south Africans, is not for Homo sapiens before Neadertal, but for the mixed sapiens/neandertal hybrid. What does way more sapiens mean? Specifics?
puncheex 3 months ago
I made my own study and here is goes. First black people have white underneith their color. Look at the white from our hands and the bottom of our feet. White people have the white all over their body. Now even though we call white people white, they are really pale skin. This is why you can see red in most of their skin tone. Yet if you look closly to a black person who is brown skin, you can see a little redness as well. The blood can show just a tad through the brown skin.
MCAmbitious 5 months ago
Where are the references to the "Facts" in this video?. If you want to know Why are Europeans white?, Just read The Races of Europe by Carleton Coon.
snowdog03 5 months ago
@snowdog03
The sources (citations and references) for this presentation are in the original paper. I have given its URL in prior replies. Coon's work was interesting and popular when it was published by Ripley in 1899 and re-edited by Coon in 1933. But it has been scientifically obsolete for two-thirds of a century
frankwsweet 5 months ago
Please touch upon the genetics that show that europeans n asians have up to 5% Neanderthal dna. I've read that it is indicative of light eyes n hair. The shape of the Neanderthal is similiar to modern light skinned people. Flat butt, wide ribs, quantity of body hair, shorter legs n arms are all non African traits. I also read that the only 100% humans r in subsaharan Africa.
diva123abc 5 months ago
@diva123abc Good idea, I shall. Give me a few months until Paabo's findings are replicated. For now, 4 points: The natives of New Guinea and Borneo have more neandertal DNA than do the natives of Europe; neandertal hair and eye color are unknown; the neandertals were more cold-adapted than H. sapiens, but the Inuit are more cold-adapted than Europeans; sub-Saharans did not interbreed with neandertals but did interbreed with heidelbergensis before the diaspora.
frankwsweet 5 months ago 3
@diva123abc
actually currently Asians, INdians have the highest IQ. The indians range from white skin to darker than african skin.
XRG124 4 months ago
@diva123abc factor in the rh factor in all peoples blood, rh- means no monkey, rh+ means monkey, get it?
a much larger percent of European whites are rh-. that equals human, subsaharan blacks are nearly all rh+.
what do genetics say now, Einstien?
longwalker1967 3 months ago
@longwalker1967: I think you're way out on a limb, there, long. The rh factor is named just because it also occurs, and was first noted, in rhesus monkeys. There is no ontoward connection; or perhaps more true, we all have monkey uncles. I think genetics repudiates your theory; rh factor says absolutely nothing about monkey heritage.
puncheex 1 week ago
@diva123abc Neanderthals are humans but not sapiens... Just like abbos are Sapiens but not Europoid...
BlueBerryWizard 2 months ago
A better question and video would be, 'Why do Negroid Black races have black skin' or 'Why do Negroid Black people contract Sickle cell anemia'.
segano1 6 months ago
@segano1 Sickle-cell (HbS) is common in Africa and all around the Mediterranean because it confers immunity to the worst kind of malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) for people with just one copy of the gene. A European-only gene with a similar effect is cystic fibrosis (but for a different disease).
frankwsweet 6 months ago
Hmm so why are Africans black?
AdrianThePedestrian 6 months ago
@AdrianThePedestrian I do not have an answer, but Africans are not uniquely black. Andaman islanders, Melanesians, New Guineans, Australian aborigines, and many of the folks in southern India and Sri Lanka are just as dark as Bantu-speaking Africans. Also, the Khoi-San are no darker than, say, Arabs.
frankwsweet 6 months ago
@AdrianThePedestrian
The cartoon professor just told you. Black people have dark skin because it act as a natural sunblock. The closer you are to the equator the darker your skin. The first people on the earth were black Sub-Saharan Africans around 1.2 million years ago. All people having descendants today had the same receptor protein of today's Africans. Back then that region was very hot. In oder for people not to have skin cancer and other skin diseases; the skin became darker as a
fa11234 6 months ago
@fa11234 LOL @ 'in oder'
swaggakid00010 3 months ago
@swaggakid00010
Sorry I misspelled in order wrong; I tend to type very fast. Out of all things I have mentioned in my comments that's the only thing that you're focus on, one misspelled word?!
fa11234 3 months ago
@AdrianThePedestrian natural sunblock and the hair became coiled to puff the direct sun from penetrating their heads. If people in that region had lighter skin their chance of survival was slim. Skin cancer as a result of ultraviolet light radiation causing mutations in skin is less common among people of dark skin than it is among people of light skin. Also dark skin prevents foliate, an essential B vitamin for being destroyed. Therefore, without modern medicine or diet, dark skin people
fa11234 6 months ago
@AdrianThePedestrian living in the tropic would live longer, be healthier and more likely to reproduce than people with lighter skin. If people didn't leave prehistoric Africa in search for food; every one living today would have been black. There is this You Tube video called “The Human Family tree.” It is very fascinating in showing how today's modern humans got their colors and characteristics.
fa11234 6 months ago
Eskimos? Why are they never mentioned?!
zeroelliott4146 6 months ago
@zeroelliott4146 The various populations of "Eskimos" (Inuit, Aleut) are disussed in the video. In fact, that the people who make a living along the shores of the Arctic Ocean (including the Chukchi and Saami) are darker than Europeans is a vital point of the presentation.
frankwsweet 6 months ago
If that's the case,Why dnt Europeans look like Native Americans? And why dnt Vietnamese look like Africans?
Burkscam 6 months ago
@Burkscam that question was already asked and answered in another comment. The answer is in the original paper at URL tinyurl(dot)com(slash)6h242se.
frankwsweet 6 months ago
so if i live at the equator long enough , my hair will change , my lips will change , my color will change ,my nose will change, my muscles will change, and the size of my penis will change ? The Equator argument ........0 evidence.
brandontimm1001 6 months ago
@brandontimm1001 No, but if I kill the lightest half of the children in your province before they can reproduce, then do the same with their children, and theirs, and so forth for many generations, their descendants will be very dark indeed. Selection works on heredity, not on individuals. You cannot make a collie out an ancestral dog by pulling on its nose.
frankwsweet 6 months ago
Excellent! However, I still have some doubts, considering that events of migration must've influenced a lot as well. I'd ask you, for example: why do Amerindians who live near the Equator have a lighter, sometimes much lighter skin than the black populations that live in similar latitudes in Africa? I'm from Brazil and live near the equator, and excluding the fact we here have a population mostly of foreign origin I have seen no Amerindian with the dark skin color of a Nigerian or Angolan.
Homoclassicus 7 months ago
@Homoclassicus Good observation of the second oddity. Actually, the full research paper that inspired this video (tinyurl(dot)com(slash)6h242se) discusses both anomalies. The most popular hypothesis is that Indians lack genetic diversity because only a handful of people crossed Beringia 20 Kya.
frankwsweet 7 months ago
@frankwsweet Oh yes, I've seen it after I read the whole article. That's a very plausible point. Indeed, all the Amerindians look basically similar, even though I can clearly recognize if an Amerindian is from North America, Peru or Brazil (even within Brazil, I have seen people from tribes who have very fair facial characteristics and others with somewhat larger noses and other facial features). It isn't also very uncommon to find Amerindians with light brown eyes.
Homoclassicus 7 months ago
People living in Artic regions are probably darker because they have to deal with reflected UV light from the snow. Their lower eyelids are often higher to protect from snow blindness.
Jeorney 8 months ago
I'm not going to say that this is necessarily a load of crap, because it's possible, yeh why not... but I have seen Japanese, Koreans even Chinese who are white like me even whiter some, although different in appearance still. How do you explain that? Especially if the Baltic is the only place to allow this mutation. O, by the way, we have blondes and redheads in the Balkans too, adults.
miavaso 1 year ago
@miavaso You question the fact that the natives of the Baltic region have less pigmentation than any other population. My E1 presentation does not argue in favor of the reality of that fact. It merely explains its cause. Many independent researchers (not me) have reported the fact itself in numerous peer-reviewed journals and monographs. To see a few of their maps and methods, visit backintyme (dot) com (slash) essays (slash) item (slash) 4. You should write to those scientists, not me.
frankwsweet 1 year ago
@frankwsweet What race would Ancient Egyptians fall under sir?
chsn09 11 months ago
@chsn09 I think that they saw themselves as a blend of two source populations -- upper and lower Egypt -- and distinct from Hittites, Syrians, etc. They did not use the same groupings as modern Americans.
frankwsweet 11 months ago
@frankwsweet Is it safe to say that race does NOT exist? I mean as far as I am concerned race does NOT exist!
chsn09 11 months ago
@chsn09 Biologically speaking, I would agree. But It depends on what you mean by "race." Even today, many European anthropology journals use the terms: "the Italian race," "the Polish race," "the Irish race," and so forth. That is the biggest problem with the word: everybody means something different by it.
frankwsweet 11 months ago
@frankwsweet
Race : A phenotypically and/or geographically distinctive subspecific group, composed of individuals inhabiting a defined geographical and/or ecological region, and possessing characteristic phenotypic and gene frequencies that distinguish it from other such groups. (King and Stansfield dictionary of genetics 1990)
It's that simple.
CeltoSaxonKnight 8 months ago
@miavaso: It would seem to me that migrations of small groups and individuals, particularly for war or trade purposes, would be sufficient to answer why the nordic features may be found elsewhere in Europe and west Asia. As for others in the orient, it could be a parallel process of mutation, a separate one which happens to have similar results, or genetic drift, as the good Prof Hemmings said. If you want real answers rather than my speculation, tho, you'll have to look into current research.
puncheex 8 months ago
it makes sense, but haven't they found that there is a 2 to 3 percent difference in human DNA between different types of people, how would sun effect this
306cas 1 year ago
@306cas, True, though it depends on how you measure the percentages (some differences are synonyms, so do not affect the organism). But you are right. Most differences are between individuals, not between populations. And so, each person carries lots of potential variation in his/her DNA (that 2-3 percent). We can all pass favorable adaptations to our offspring. Adaptations useful to a region tend to accumulate in the inhabitants. That is why the Maasai are slender while the Inuit are stocky.
frankwsweet 1 year ago
Hmm interesting
chsn09 1 year ago
very good points
DJGTFO 1 year ago