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From: ProfASAr
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  • but lastly what survives of visigoths language in spanish is mostly surnames the names are rodrigo=roderick hence the ez which means son of as in rodriguez gonzalez fernandez diaz pelayo valdes alfonso gustavo ricardo adolfo sancho=sanchez etc only saints names and names that start with al are not of visigothic origin

  • 7 shitheads watched this vid

  • I desperately want to learn this!

  • When was gothic last spoken and why did it die ? What did happen to it ?

  • How on Earth did English become the way it is now?!

  • @SSthemagicviolin Remember the HEAVY Latin, Greek and French (technically also Latin) influences. Modern languages that are more purely germanic would be German or Swedish

  • @SSthemagicviolin It didn´t. Gothic was spoken in the areas around Moldavia, southern France and Spain and the Anglo-Saxons, who went to Britain and spoke old English or something similar, came from somewhere around Germany. And the people who lived there emigrated from scandinavia, so the huge difference does make sense. And after all this was one and a half millenia ago.

  • @SSthemagicviolin btw time machine

  • @SSthemagicviolin William the Conqueror invaded and French was introduced. Thus from a Germanic and French mix you get English. :/

  • @SSthemagicviolin frisian is is verxy close to english, which is spoken in northern netherland and northwest germany,

  • 4:20 is where he actually starts reading it.

  • I can't get enough of old languages, I just want to learn them all but it's impossible

  • who didn't even listen to the  talking and read the reactions? thumbs up ^^

  • This was the Language of the Visigoths, Germanic people that settled in Spain

    .

    I'm Spanish so..hum.. It could be my ancestors language, my grandmother comes from a land in Spain known as "Campi Gothorum" (Land of the Goths) Where it is said that Visigoths settled during the 4-5 century.

    Even more considering I'm 1.85cm tall, have blond hair, red cheecks, and blue eyes. Btw, Thanks for the video and showing me how the language looks like.

  • I wonder what the etymology of "jah" is. And I thought "and" would mean and.

  • @bogeaqYT

    Me too. It actually shows up a lot in Old English as 'ge' (ge.....ge....... - both ..... and ......), in Old High German as both 'joh' and 'ioh' (Otfried's Gospel/ Notker's Book of Logic) and potentially in Hittite as 'ya' (or however you want to romanize the cuneiform!). I'm sure it exists elsewhere, but that's what immediately comes to mind right now.

  • This guy's voice is so engaging. And the content is very, very interesting! I love language.

  • @ByabyaChannel

    Indeed. The living germanic languages sound so horrible. Well, english is ok I guess. My native tongue is dutch, and I totally hate it.

  • I thought the "r" wasn't supposed to be trilled like in Old English because there's no evidence that it was.

  • @ByabyaChannel Thank you.

  • this language sounds so old...

  • @Mheuo I understood that but im swedish, go slightly mutually intelectuable languages!

  • Wow, I really can see the similarities to modern languages, especially German and Scandinavian languages.

  • Very interesting stuff, and slightly older than the oldest know Anglo-saxon. I'd like to point out that the studies that saw the light between 1880 and 1930 (after that, hardly any new material was published) have been scanned and re-issued. Easy to get through Amazon. Ordered a sort of dictionnary myself.

  • This makes we want to watch The Lord of The Rings again.

  • @Lolzerzomg haha agreed.

    

  • You said they had duals i want to know how did they use them. What are the laws of their dual forms. I am interest in duals becouse in slovene we still use dual and as a slavic language we got some words from goths according to linguists. Example they say word hleb came from xlajbu or hlaibaz (not sure) and in slovene hleb in singular is hlebec in dual; hlebca and plural; hlebci. How would goth use singular, dual, plural for xlajbu or hlaibaz?

  • sounds like Jabba the Hutt

  • Dieser Mann kann nicht gut lesen Gottisch. Es ist wirklich laecherlich! Zum Beispiel, es redet "ei" (=lange "i") als "ai" ;-). Und "h" (χ) im Ende nach dieser "Lehrer" ist. offen "h". ;-) "G" in untervokal position er spricht auch als "g". Nein, in Gutiska razada "g" in untervokal position soll mann als"gh" (γ) reden. Auch Aussprache ist kein Gutisks. Wo sind, ueberhaupt, die lange und kurze "o", "i", Diphtongen?

  • There's nothing more interesting than comparing germanic languages.

    Quaþuþ = old norse kvað?

    áihta = old norse átti?

    afláiþ = old norse af leið?

    Here, the language is spoken without the ð sound. Do we actually know that

    gothic didn't have any ð?

  • @Vidlaste I guess a clues 2 pronuntiation of gothic could be in the Gotland speaking

  • @Vidlaste I guess the Gotland speaking can give us some clues on how 2 pronounce old gothic 

  • That's a first for me, never heard Gothic before. I agree with the person who says "I don't know why but this stuff is so interesting to me". It has nothing to do with anything I've studied, yet love to hear it read and explained.

  • @IMStezPro  no

  • 'sein' is still the same in modern german as 'land' is in the most germanic languages today i think. Also we'd understand several words e.g. 'sweina' ; 'managans dagans' today...

  • It sounds different than Old German, its cool how its location in the east changed it that much.

  • Interesting, that it doesn't use the 'ð' symbol.....like most germanic languages

  • what does the word "haven" (safe place/ sanctuary) mean in gothic?

  • Ja, ich erkenne Sunus, ist das nicht ,seo Sunna`?

  • This video as well is very nice to look at!

    I like how this germanic language as well have the equivalent of the norwegian "sin" (german "sein") :D

    and that the language have the same thing as icelandic where you don't put and a/an (en/ei/et in norwegian and ein/eine in german) before a word :)

  • Why did Gothic die out? Is it the root of all Germanic languages, including English which is West Germanic?

  • @1100HondaCB It didn't adopt a country. A language needs an identity in order to survive.

  • @1100HondaCB

    It died out because it changed over time into many other languages,trough the most variable political processes.

  • what are your recommendations for someone who wanted to learn gothic?

  • My goodness, it sounded just like the little huskarls running around my screen in Age of Empires II!

  • This is neat because it's like traveling back in time a thousand years or so. I hear some of the Swedish words in here, that I learned a long time ago. Jah, sununs, dagans. Very easy to guess.

  • This is neat because it's like traveling back in time a thousand years or so.

  • get better sound quality ! your f's s's and th's sound the same !

  • Hey Alexander Arguelles, have you ever considered making an introductory overview of Hittite; the oldest known Indo-European language?

  • This language should be used by the Gothics (followers of the subculture) to speak it LOL

  • @MiracleKD18 lol

  • Its not runic language but it is the language of ancient Sweden in like 11th century when they first got the alphabets from Latin

  • Nice to see that Gothic is pronounced nearly the same way as my mothertongue Finnish, eventhough there are some letters we don´t have and some letters we have are missing like ä and ö but the sounds seem to be there.

  • Interesting....the Basque spell also "Atta" for father, among other very similar words.... These videos are really amazing, I'm glad there is someone doing something for these amazing and almost forgotten languages.

  • you sound kinda like the Gman from Half-Life

  • This sounds eerily like Persian.

  • @JFman00 I don't believe that the original Germanic language belongs in the Indo-European family tree. Why should we believe those linguists who can carelessly lump it in with the other languages in the tree. There are too many discrepancies, far more than similarities with Celtic/Latin/Slavic. One linguist even tried to put Germanic and Slavic as being one language at one time- which is highly unlikely because the two are so far apart. The only possibility of any similarities are borrowings.

  • aflaiþ sounds like half-life :)

  • I would totaly love to hear that by a native speaker. It sounds so intresting! Never thought, that languages could attract me that much!

  • I loved learning Gothic at Cambridge. I used Wright's Gothic Grammar. There's an urban myth that Tolkien was his research assistant and actually did most of the work on that. It would have been nice to see some of the original Gothic letters too, as this of course is a transcription. The use of thorn and accenting is of course "borrowed" from Old Norse study.

    There remain a couple of Visigothic words in Spanish, apparently - la tregua is alledged (by Wright) to come from triggwa.

  • @usenetposts Not only Spanish Galician Catalan Aragonese Portuguese and other iberian languages the Visigoths left their marks

  • @mlepola probably 'cos Finladn was part of Sweden for about 600 years. There's still dialect/slang words in the Dales from when the northern half of England was Danelaw e.g. 'bairn' and 'beck'

  • As far as I know the baltic languages are very close to Germanic languages. Gothic is an ancient eastern

    Germanic language, and Lithuanian is very conservative: so there might be some similarities.

  • Proto IE fairy tale

    if u speak Latin, any Baltic or slavonic u can figure it out

    Owis ekwoosque sheep and horses

    Gwrreei owis, quesyo whlhnaa ne eest, ekwoons es, espeket oinom

    Ghe gwrrum woghom weghontm, oinomque megam bhorom,

    Oinomque ghmmenm ooku bherontom.

    Owis nu ekwomos ewewquet: Kludhi, owei, keer qhe aghnutoi

    Nsmei widntmos: neer, potis, owioom r wlhnaam sebhi gwhermom

    Westrom qurrneuti. Neghi owioom whlnaam esti.

    Tod kekluwoos owis agrom ebhuget.

  • Nice video.

    Could dail on line 13 be German Teil, Dutch deel (English deal

    has acquired a different meaning)?

  • Dáil is indeed related to Teil, deel and deal. However deal has undergone some semantic changes (=word meaning). Deal has 4 different nouns:

    1. a part, portion, amount

    2. the act of dealing

    I think those are the two you are referring to. The first has mostly become obsolete. Yet is is still used as a part in e.g. a great deal or a good deal.

    Hope this helps ;)

  • i dont know why but this stuff is so interesting to me

  • @SarcasticWino I think it is because this is in all of us. The language died out, but their genes spread all over Europe and then the world.

  • @SarcasticWino Es ist wirklich laecherlich! Zum Beispiel, er redet "ei" (=lange "i") als "ai" ;-). Und "h" (χ) im Ende nach dieser "Lehrer" ist. offen "h". ;-) "G" in untervokal position er spricht auch als "g". Nein, in Gutiska razada "g" in untervokal position soll mann als"gh" (γ) reden. Auch Aussprache ist kein Gutisks. Wo sind, ueberhaupt, die lange und kurze "o", "i", Diphtongen?

  • It is so sad that we cannot know how the languages sounded, I'm so interested in languages and get obsessed with that. *sigh*

    It looks similar to my language (Icelandic) but also Netherlandese and German.

  • @HimmiJoe Uhhmm, no, it doesn't look like Nederlands in the slightest, apart from the fact that both use letters :p

  • First of all; there is no such thing as Nederlandese. It's Dutch.

    Icelandic, Dutch and German are slightly similar because they are all Germanic languages.

  • @arjenvdziel it has certain structural things in common, though - especially the lack of umlaut.

  • Dagans Day´s

    in icelanting Dagur is a day and Dagar is days

  • Make a video of Hungarian language pls

  • qouth being some sort of present tense of quote, and the -uþ being directly related to -eth in english; showing 3rd person.

  • Hail to the Ancestors!

  • i thought that gothic didn't have an alphabet.

  • atta unsar þu in himinam

    weihnai namo þein,

    qimai þiudinassus þeins,

    wairþai wilja þeins,

    swe in himina jah ana airþai

    hlaif unsarana þana sinteinan gif

    uns himma daga. Pater noster

  • Thay belive that The goths come from Sweden and that thay moved to italy and spain

  • I dote foreign languages in general and germanic languages in particular and i always wished to take a look at the structure of the most unique germanic language-the dead east germanic gothic,the language is incredibly particular but remotely similar to german

  • I dote foreign languages in general and germanic languages in particular and i always wished to take a look at the structure of the most unique germanic language-the dead east germanic gothic,thank you,my dream was fulfiled,the language is incredibly particular but remotely similar to german

  • It is really interesting,great job!!but, i´ve always wondered what´s the way in which you , any person and most of all the proffesionals (I am not telling that you are´nt) can find out which the pronunciation is or sholud be. Is there a brach of linguistics that specificly deals with this? what is it name?bye and,thanks.

  • hehe, weird language! For a dutch person it sounds a bit like an icelandic person with a strange weird accent.

    I think Icelandic because of the Frrrr sound (which I like ofcourse :) )

  • Just asking because of a lecture on linguistics I listened to some time ago.

  • isnt there a way to reconstruct extinct languages using linguistic laws

  • If I'm not wrong, the hebrew spoken in Israel is actually a reconstructed one. But I think it was a dead language, not a extinct one. Alexander, please correct me on this one.

  • This is very interesting.

  • Hey, why does the other guy on Youtube who has a Gothic reading video pronounces the "ai" like "ay" But you prounounces it as "I" ?

    What's the correct pronunciation?

  • According to the pronunciation section in Bennett's Introduction to the Gothic Language, this sound should be something like [aj] as in the German word "Kaiser."

  • weird. I've read that "ai" is pronounced like "a" as in had and "ei" like "ee" as in "sheet". now what is correct?

  • I speak Greek, as did the dude who invented the Gothic alphabet that people actually used, so I'm inclined to believe it's "eh".

    It's all guesswork though.

  • @ProfASAr I find your vids Very Interesting. Thank You.

  • @ProfASAr Actually, sometimes it sounded like "ai" in Kaiser (e.g. "ains" - "one"), but sometimes it is more like an open e, like in "airtha" (earth). In some books, like Braune * Ebbinghaus's Gotische Grammatik, a distinction is therefore made between ái (the ai-sound) and aí or ai (the e-sound).

  • Nobody knows, I'm pretty sure he said in the video. It's that old and we have no recordings of it so that we can never truely be sure.

  • @TheSchwarzeRitter Speaking as "the other guy," everybody who's ever studied gothic has a different take on this. Voyles says all instances of 'ai' should be [ɛ:]. Bennet says [ai]. Slocum & Krause have a very complicated system using [ɛ], [ɛ:], and [ai]. In my videos I use my own version - a sort of simplified version of Slocum & Krause's. Of course, since nobody's heard it spoken aloud for a thousand years, who can say?

    By the way, excellent videos, Professor!

  • @TheSchwarzeRitter In Wrights' method, if the accent is in the a, it is "ai" and if the accent is on the i it is "ei". Wulfila, influenced by Greek and the sound changes going on in Greek at the time of the Gothic incursion, seems to have used the diphthongs for more than one sound.

  • it is very interesting.when i see this video lesson i enjoy :)

  • I love languages and I must tell you,

    you are my hero!!!

    Congratulations for the videos!

  • Also Cwæth in Old English, and Quatschen in German

  • WoW that language looks like the Dutch language! roughly translated:

    "dagans brâhta samana" =

    dagen brachten samen

    hahaha funny language

  • rellay funny.

    roughly translated into german:

    "managans dagans bahta samana"

    "mannige (that's old) tage brachten zusammen"

    but "mannige=viele" (in modern german)

  • isn't etymology awesome? :) i made the samana-zusammen connection but not the others (not a native german speaker) i should have recognized dagans- tag though

  • Think about english: many

  • And Russian mnogo?

  • How about you just live and let live?

  • listen, there may have been some exchange of vocabulary. Just because they are from different linguistic families doesnt mean they cant have similar words, especially if they exist in close proximity to each other. Word.

  • Why you say that? Do you know any lithuanian whatsoever?

  • Is there anything on Old Frankish?

  • Even though it is an older language, it seems slightly easier for me to understand than Old English.

    Again, I said Slightly easier........

  • Very interesting. Me, as a Lithuanian, I can understand some things of this text.

  • How do you understand it? Is there words that Gothic and Lithuanian share? I'd like to know, because just like the people who commented back, Lithuanian and Gothic are whole branches and thousands of years of separate evolution apart.

  • Cognates;It is a Germanic language look at it this way the words themselves give it away and then comparing it to other similar or known texts you can find out what it means.

    Example:Earth/Eorðe,Erde,Aarde­,Ierde,Jörðin,Eerde,Yird an another Airþa(Gothic)

  • i wish i want to speak gothic

  • sir what it the etymology of the word Qaþuþ

  • Sounds like Old English.

  • No it doesn't.

  • as a german it looks quite familiar to my eyes

  • well im german too, and to me its just jibberish:P maybe 1 word per sentence is familiar:P

  • even though both languages are both germanic they arent always similar just like English and German

  • Sorry, I meant to ask: "Where may I obtain texts to study this language?"

  • I'd like to study profoundly this extinct language. I, personally, love it. Which texts may I obtain to study it?

  • i recognize a little Dutch in it, and i once readed that (ofc )1000nds of years ago Germanic people descend from near the river Danub or the hearth of modern Romania, and from there went to scandinavie and western Europe, nvm, my respects for your enourmes amounts of knowledge of Germanic languages

  • That it sounds a little bit like Dutch may be due to the fact that Dutch is a fairly 'in-between' language which didn't undergo the Second Germanic Sound Shift which characterizes modern German while retaining some of the original morphology, which has largely been lost in modern day English. The Germanic-speaking peoples probably originated in northern Europe. The origins of the Indo-Europeans are thought to go back to the region north of the Black Sea rather than the Danube.

  • As you point out, in the 1st half of the 20th century, Heinrich Himmler did indeed patronize Germanic studies and employ these symbols. Nowadays, the Runes are still around and they play an important role not only in Asatru and other distinctly Nordic forms of Neopaganism but in the New Age movement as a whole. Furthermore, there are many fonts that you can easily find and use to type them yourself if you wish to employ them in normal writing. William Morris would approve!

  • You are talking about Elfdalian, a Teutonic speech form spoken in Sweden that is so different from other Swedish dialects as to arguably constitute a distinct language, and in which, by all reports, form of Runes were indeed used in daily life far longer than they were anywhere else.

  • Neither the Allemani nor any other tribes mentioned in antiquity can be identified as distinct peoples among the Germans of whom they are the undoubted ancestors, but if you watch my 5 part Germanic Family overview, you will learn about the continued importance of the Allemanic strain of High German.

  • This would require further investigation for certainty, but it could indeed be the case that Spanish inherited these words from the Visigoths while these Crimean languages inherited them from the Ostrogoths who became the "Crimean Goths..."

  • ai dipthong is short e, if you read it right, you'd be surprised of how close to modern english it is.

  • The poem "Andanahti milhmam neipiţ..." is a modern creation by Tolkien. It does not represent Crimean Gothic, which was an entirely different language, at least by the 16th century.

  • Hmm... I guess there is a policy of removing comments that contain links to other websites(?).

    What I was trying to say is that the text quoted above is not Crimean Gothic (which is only recorded in a glossary by a 16th-century Flemish diplomat and looks very different), and that it's not even a historically Gothic poem; it was a playful creation of J.R.R. Tolkien, Germanist and author of The Lord of the Rings.

  • The purest East Germanic descendents nowadays may be the Poles of Wolin, where the Rugians settled

  • Its a shame the Crimean Goths aren't still in existence. I still can't believe they even existed

  • Please note that the written vowel combinations (based on 4th-century Greek usage) do not always represent actual diphthongs:

    - Gothic "aí" is actually a short "e". "faírra" should be pronounced "ferra".

    - Gothic "ei" represents a (long) "i"; "sei" is pronounced "sî".

  • wow is the gothic speak?

  • GOTHIC ROCKS!

    I really wish there was more written about Gothic. Ergh. The translators didn't use normal daily Gothic, they sometimes lifted grammar right out of Greek!

    I really want to learn to speak fluent Gothic. So bad. :(

  • yea, I reckon your spot on but I think there would have been variation between Gothic, Ostrogothic, and Visigothic, and I think Vandalic might have been slightly different(in regards to it being in Northernmost Africa), just because I'm sure Frankish, Seubic, and probably Lombard are different, due to their sub-Germanic family afiliation, though you might think that pedantic, sorry. :P(not much to go by if thats even the case for Vandal).

  • wow !!! in wich geographic part was this language used ???

  • Good job but isn't the Quoth - oth the Gothic for the word "Said"?

  • I'm speechless...

    It's amazing... I just pictured somebody speaking this centuries ago...

    Fascinating...

  • I do trust your ability of speaking this language more than my own, as you seem to be taking this more seriously than I ever could. I've been self-teaching myself Gothic for a couple of months now and I love the way you speak it, but there are a couple of things I noticed (and these are all on wikipedia and other actual books): 'b' between vowels sounds like a 'v' and 'g' between vowels sounds like the French 'j' in 'Je.' What do you think? (I'd type more, but I'm down to 9 characters.)

  • I understand that "jah" is the word for "and" in gothic like "ja" is in modern Finnish... Also, as "gloomyoutlook" stated, "ata" is the word for "father" in modern turkish... Is it possible for the gothic language to have undergone a stage in its history when regional languages from the uralic and altaic language families affected it greatly?

  • gothland is in sweden ?

  • yea, I think its called; Gotland though.

  • Gotland is a swedish island in the baltic...its the original home of the goths...but also the southern part of sweden.

  • The word "sein" for his is still the same word in german.

  • As a native of Swedsih I got some of the words in the text..What about the rest of you how speak a Geramic lingo??.. Got most of 13 right..

  • How do you say the sign of the cross in Gothic language? Please and thank you!

  • This is so fascinating

  • oshi-, I was wondering to myself how Spanish developed the lisp. Could well be the explanation.

  • I'm really enjoying this series, thank you so much for sharing them.

  • what about the w as a v sound? most proto germanic languages would have had that sound. anyone know?

  • This is probably the best proof of the theorie about that the Goths camed from Sweden from the first beginning.. Many words i understand from that text.. And im Swedish.

  • Gothic and Old Norse are both Germanic. Gothic comes from East Germanic, Old Norse from North Germanic (incidentally, Anglo-Saxon (Old English) branched out from West Germanic). Proto Germanic itself is thought to have been a dialect/branch of the Indo-European from which Greek and Italian also came. While being a Germanic language, Gothic is not thought to have any modern descendants. Swedish came from Old Norse.

  • Thanks so much for this awesome series, I just came across it today. I love languages!

  • You should take a look at Old Irish.

  • I will make a similar video for Old Irish when I do the Celtic family several months hence.

  • Also very good, like your others.

    But: 1st germanic language we know about?

    What about old norsk???

    2nd: How do you know how to pronounce it???

  • 1. The written samples we have of Old Norse are far newer than the Gothic Bible.

    2. Wulfilas devised his own alphabet for Gothic, and there are descriptions of how to pronounce this alphabet by, among others, the Romans.

  • I'm willing to bet the double consonants are supposed to be pronounced as long. allllllllammmmmmma.

  • might also be to shorten proceeding vowels?

  • Is there a gothic parlour for tourists? Like when you want to order beer or something?-Just joking..

  • profASAr, how accurate is the Latin translation of the Gothic script, which uses something more akin to a Cyrillic alphabet, in picking up correct phonological values? And if you can direct me to any Ostrogoth(Theodoric(i realize this is at least greeco-latin name with the suffix ric either from reiks or rex) the great era) or Visigoth(Euric era) language samples like this? (i imagine this is something like what Hermannaric through to Alaric(reiks...? i think)the first, would have spoken).

  • If you pause at the end of my video, when I open Bennett's book, you can see a manuscript page of Gothic script. I do not believe the language suffers to any particularly significant degree when transliterated into Latin letters. I am sorry, although there must be an Ostrogothic inscription here or there in Italy, and a Visigothic one here or there in Spain, I do not know where to direct you for Gothic texts apart from Ulfilas' Bible and the Skeireins.

  • thanks, also wouldn't there be some preservation of visigothic, not only in spanish, but also the southern 2 3rds of france (dialectual 3rds), or would it have been inundated with franconian. as for ulfilas' bible, it is unavailable at my library, same follows for the skeireins...nz sux :(. i only ask because im familiar with german and spanish and french russian and latin to a lesser extent and can sometime pick out similarities that are either cognates or derivatives eg sol in spanish & norse

  • think it influences names more clearly than anything; Rodrigo/guez from indo-Scandinavian Rorik, Gomez from Gothic Guman or something, its supposed to be 'man' anyway, most if not all spanish names ending in z come from Gothic. There are other words i just dont know them, if any Hispanic language corrupts the Gothic in Spanish making it Harder to find, it would be Latin American or Andalusian, also linguistic modernization. Remote dialects in northern Spain would probably preserve it best

  • Professor,

    you said the Bible was the only certain Gothic text, but there was some from the 1500's that a traveler scribed? What was the traveler's writings about? Listening back, it was Crimean Gothic the traveler reported. It would be interesting to me if you would do an examination-clip of some of those writings.

  • Unfortunately there are not enough relics of "Crimean Gothic" to give it an introductory overview. There were reports of it both before and for several centuries after, but the only attestation it has are a word-list of fewer than 100 words and the fragments of a song written down by a native speaker of Flemish in the late 16th century, and there are doubts about the accuracy of what he heard/had translated, and about the degree to which his Flemish affected what he wrote down.

  • Your awsome thanks for this video :) I want to know more about old extint languages :)

  • That was cool, I could actually figure out the meaning of the line, "aflaith in land fairra wisando' before he translated it.