I saw many videos of persian ney players and they had a different position of their neys in their mouths. Some stick it right, some stick it left. Is there any difference between that?
I couldn't get the between the teeth sound, and was worried about the possible effect on my teeth, so I worked out a way by blowing into the top, more like a Shakuhachi; though don't get quite as powerful a sound as I would like.
OMG, I can´t believe a non Persian person can play this hard instrument. I´m playing Ney since i was 9. You are great, and i have so much respect for you.
Thanks for this Video , Ney is the most difficult instrument to play , I managed to make noise out of the Ney pretty fast , but to make it clear , took me long time ( I know for many it might takes 6 month to make the first noise ) , I can see you made lots of Ney in back ground how do you make the holes ( distance ... etc )
I am persian and live in Sydney Australia just to let you know how far your video been going .
Thanks you sooo much for your videos. Your inspired me to play the ney. I couldn't find a real ney so I made one out of a PVC pipe. I learned how to make a sound out of it. Thanks
I'm really excited...I followed your directions to make a ney out of conduit...I will purchase from you shortly lol! I followed your lesson here just now and made sound within half an hour! Of course its unreliable but getting there I can't wait to have a proper Ney, such a beautiful instrument!! Thankyou so very very much!!
Kees, Ive been practising for 3 years now, Persian and Turkish Ney,,, can you please elaborate a bit mor on playing CLEAN in the higher registers. I figured that it would be something that would come in time, but I dont seem to figure it out. Raising the airpressure, or tongue pressure produces a lot of unwanted stress and hiss, and when I see you play, you play a clean high register, in full control, and smoot, can yoi pls provide more guidance for us on how to play CLEAN in the high regstrs?
You need to practice a lot. It took me several hours a day for 5 years before it became clean.
Several hours of serious practice 365 days a year for 5 years.
There are ney masters that don't have the clean sound and it sounds fine too, I think whatever sound you make is good. Every ney player has a different voice, just like singers.
Dear persianney I have so much respect for you and your talent please tell us about how you got involve with Persian Ney and how you learned it, I’m Persian myself and bought a Ney at Esfahan about 7 years ago and I’ve tried to play it once every while but to this day I have not been able to create any sound out of it, man this is hard, it got to point that I thought my Ney might be defected until I show it to an expert and he jokingly told me that you are the one who is defected not the Ney.
Id be interested to know if there is anyway to position the instrument so that it doesn't rest on your teeth that way. Being a dentist, I know that overtime, it can change the space between your central incisors.
No. It should really go in between your 2 front teeth, the bigger the gap the better. So it may move your teeth but in the right way for ney. I don't have space between my front teeth but had my dentist cut a small space, not all the way, between them.
@KnowsTheDrill1984 you don't have to stick them make them as close as possible , let the ney touch the tip of ur upper lip and let it have an angle don't out it straight
Was given a Bashkirian kurai made by Azat Aitkulov. Thanks to your Doel den Kees van instruction video I had sound from it within 5 minutes (after trying for some hours the weeks before). I am crap, but it is the kurai sound, which I already find quite something. At least I will not be totally embarassing when my family asks me to play something.
Going to watch this video several times and try more.
Hi, first of all, tanx for uploading these video, im a Persian also, actually i play santoor, dotar and i sing and for 8 months i have a Ney and i try to play it. the hardest part is the base part, how to make a sound!!!!!! can you help me by sharing more video on this problem. what can i do????? tanxx
@ashkan1980able check out a tutorial i posted teaching how to produce a sound from the ney. once you can produce the sound, you can modulate the air flow and get the bam (thebase sound), though making the bam sound is hard at first. a thicker stream of air blown in at a slower pace will help you get the bam sound.
A friend of mine who has friends in Iran shared this video with me. I am a bassoonist and have a love for Bulgarian and Hungarian sounds as well as related musics from the middle east. As a bassoonist I work with Arundo Donax all the time, and this video has inspired me to learn to use the material in a totally new way! I will be checking out your other videos and your website and you might get an order for a ney from me soon! Very intriguing instrument.
thx mowiena for your reply, unfortunately , I have to learn it in the hard way, i've checked all the 784,563 videos on youtube :) and found that Egyption Nay and Kawala have the freak tung-lips position that i only can do it only in my dreams, I have to practice the hard way :( am getting tired from this instrument !!!!!! VIOLIN and Oud took One month from me .. NAY is totally different story !!
I am getting confused , once I got my first tone and thought I passed the hardest thing I found forums telling that this isn`t the right way !! coz I am playing Egyptian Nay not Persian !! any advise ??
The Egyptian Nay is so similar to the Persian one. Actually, Persians inherited the Ney from the Ancient Egyptian civilization.. Keep practicing, I play differently and both ways are right.. just try to get the right tone and that's it... =) Good Luck
I love ney, but i am trying to get a sound out of it for weeks now!!!!!!!!!!!!. any suggestions of what to do? what is the position of the tongue please help. im not giving up.
Consider the angle of the ney towards your chin. Put the tip of the tongue as you see in the video (a bit down separated from the edge of the ney). And now try to put the rest of the tongue in different positions against your palate. Keep practicing!!! It could take you some days but u will do it.
I play keyboards since 15 years .. and play Oud and Violin .. Learning NAY was my nightmare .. disappointed for 2 years .. i couldn`t find the A-B of this instrument .. your video gave the story from A-Z in only 9 minutes ..
Sir .. I owe you a big favor .. and soon or later i'll pay it to you.
@fadimetwalli After almost two years, I am getting pass the point of it being a nightmarish instrument, so now it’s actually pleasant. The nay is a great instrument for nightmares, yours, others, those you wish to have nightmares. It is a nightmarish instrument
@fadimetwalli I started with the cousin of the Ney a “kawala" flute which is about the same as the American penny whistle. The kawala flute was physically strenuous and quite difficult at first. I received a Ney about a year later. What I can say on the Ney is that it is a very complex instrument. I am very familar with the music. I have studied the dance for about 12 years.
great teaching,,,thank you so very mach,,,i was trying to learn this for months,,but with ur lesson i got the sound straight away,,,cause i play flute,,,but i fell in love with the sound of ney,,,its awesome,,,thank you :) love and bless
I'm not an expert. But it's not a matter of logic ;) It's a traditional instrument... you know? It's like to tell some1 who plays setar to play guitar instead, because it has more strings!
keep trying! I think that the key it's the position of your tongue against the palate. Consider that the tongue is not only the tip of the tongue!!! The position of the tip of the tongue that u can see in the video is only a part of all the tongue... the rest of it should be very well placed at the palate to begin to get a sound.
I've played many instruments over the years, and I can say this, one of my most proud moments has to be when I first realize that I knew how to get a steady tone out of the ney. I love this instrument, it possesses almost a meditative quality that makes it nice to just sit and play when I just need to get away from it all
Thanks a lot for these video I have a Ney and i didn't have an idea to how to start playing I´m a profesional bassoon & sax player but I really love the ney.I will practice all these exercise.
I purchased a ney from you way back in 1999. I did what your web site said, to wrap the top with tape. I learned the embouchure from your diagram. I have never regretted my purchase and I've enjoyed the challenge of this instrument for ten years now. I still play like utter crap. But I just discovered your videos, which have helped me make great improvements in tone. That lip wiggle thing, for example had eluded me before. Thanks for sharing!!
are you shure is talent, because I've been blowing so much air that my ears hurt and I'm out of breath, I think you need to have a good set of lips and long tongue, which i lack both.
@persianney many people can make some sound on the ney when they first get. I give my ney to people and try to have them blow. About half can make sound in a couple of minutes. The quality of the ney I have is very good.
Phiew! This technique of blowing is so unusual and so hard! I play arabic ney but this, this is something else!!AWESOME sound!
I constructed a ney from arundo donax reed (here in Greece we have plenty of them!)following your instructions and now... i am trying to take out the music from it thanks to your help.
People have asked for these lessons for while but I thought it would not be useful until I saw your excellent sehtar lesson videos. I still can't get my left hand on the frets. Is it possible to play with both hands on the frets and use your toenail to pluck the strings?
Great video. Looking forward to more. One suggestion would be to have a stand alone lesson featuring a really beautiful melody of your choice. but anything would be appreciated.
I got a suggeston...would you please make a video in which you play the turkish ney, the ney with the black plastic thing on? Dont know if its turkish.. I bought mine in Istanbul recently..and im hooked and stubborn!!! :D
Great video! After months of trying (the wrong way, apparently) I finally managed to produce a tone, because of this video. It's weak and unstable, but it's there! I am ridiculously happy with this! ;) This is really good fun!
In a year from now, I will finally know if I 'built' my ney accurately or not!
Thanks a lot for posting, this really made my day!
well, the end of lesson 1 takes for granted that one can produce all the sounds of the ney, form bam to pas-gheesh... it could be: exercice in bam only, or gheesh only, pas-gheesh only. It could be starting to learn a dastgah, or the main phrases of it, I guess that if some people want to get a particular trick for beginners, they'll get in touch with you... Hope that will be of some help.
I believe that considering the difficulty to find a teacher for this instrument out of Iran (and mayble L.A.), any exercise you come up with will be more than welcome.
I'm planning to build ney out of plastic and bamboo - this kind of cane doesn't grow here:(
I'm playing gucul floyara (see my videos),bulgarian kaval - they are without whistle, just like ney, but played "with lips", as turkish ney. But from time to time I am trying to get sound as of persian ney and sometimes succeed:)
Tell me please, what are good dimension of ney to start practice (length or key and inner diameter?)
Thanks for your video! I've got a question:
I saw many videos of persian ney players and they had a different position of their neys in their mouths. Some stick it right, some stick it left. Is there any difference between that?
Bilopopi 3 weeks ago
thank you 4 video
hassanbasafa 3 weeks ago
Beautiful. Impressed by your interest in Ney! I recently uploaded a song from omar faruk with nice Ney too!
shahilagh 4 months ago
I couldn't get the between the teeth sound, and was worried about the possible effect on my teeth, so I worked out a way by blowing into the top, more like a Shakuhachi; though don't get quite as powerful a sound as I would like.
MrThompsonpj 8 months ago
Thanx for the lessons. I have been playing the Ney for many years, and think these lessons are so clear and useful for the beginners ... :)
DJPOOYABARKHORDAR 8 months ago
OMG, I can´t believe a non Persian person can play this hard instrument. I´m playing Ney since i was 9. You are great, and i have so much respect for you.
saraeghbal 8 months ago
Cool, but looks like this technique damages one's teeth with time.
SaReGaMaTheArtist 11 months ago
@SaReGaMaTheArtist
It does not damage the teeth unless you use a brass mouthpiece. I play on a plastic mouthpiece or straight on the wood.
persianney 10 months ago
Comment removed
SaReGaMaTheArtist 11 months ago
Comment removed
SaReGaMaTheArtist 11 months ago
Thanks for this Video , Ney is the most difficult instrument to play , I managed to make noise out of the Ney pretty fast , but to make it clear , took me long time ( I know for many it might takes 6 month to make the first noise ) , I can see you made lots of Ney in back ground how do you make the holes ( distance ... etc )
I am persian and live in Sydney Australia just to let you know how far your video been going .
vgovahi 11 months ago
great teacher
samankurdy 1 year ago
Thanks you sooo much for your videos. Your inspired me to play the ney. I couldn't find a real ney so I made one out of a PVC pipe. I learned how to make a sound out of it. Thanks
As they say in Farsi,
Daste shoma dard nakone :)
noor121212121212 1 year ago
So, all you need in your room is a Divan Hafez and a candle.
uboxer 1 year ago
I'm really excited...I followed your directions to make a ney out of conduit...I will purchase from you shortly lol! I followed your lesson here just now and made sound within half an hour! Of course its unreliable but getting there I can't wait to have a proper Ney, such a beautiful instrument!! Thankyou so very very much!!
sunjunkie007 1 year ago
Kees, Ive been practising for 3 years now, Persian and Turkish Ney,,, can you please elaborate a bit mor on playing CLEAN in the higher registers. I figured that it would be something that would come in time, but I dont seem to figure it out. Raising the airpressure, or tongue pressure produces a lot of unwanted stress and hiss, and when I see you play, you play a clean high register, in full control, and smoot, can yoi pls provide more guidance for us on how to play CLEAN in the high regstrs?
heliopijpe 1 year ago
@heliopijpe
You need to practice a lot. It took me several hours a day for 5 years before it became clean.
Several hours of serious practice 365 days a year for 5 years.
There are ney masters that don't have the clean sound and it sounds fine too, I think whatever sound you make is good. Every ney player has a different voice, just like singers.
persianney 10 months ago
Dear persianney I have so much respect for you and your talent please tell us about how you got involve with Persian Ney and how you learned it, I’m Persian myself and bought a Ney at Esfahan about 7 years ago and I’ve tried to play it once every while but to this day I have not been able to create any sound out of it, man this is hard, it got to point that I thought my Ney might be defected until I show it to an expert and he jokingly told me that you are the one who is defected not the Ney.
Raydjam21 1 year ago
very interesting! this is quite different than the way we blow ney, here in turkey.
ctimur 1 year ago
you are good man.
bayyad1 1 year ago
Very impressive, covers most of details, Thanks a lot
MarioKangaroo 1 year ago
Id be interested to know if there is anyway to position the instrument so that it doesn't rest on your teeth that way. Being a dentist, I know that overtime, it can change the space between your central incisors.
KnowsTheDrill1984 1 year ago
@KnowsTheDrill1984
No. It should really go in between your 2 front teeth, the bigger the gap the better. So it may move your teeth but in the right way for ney. I don't have space between my front teeth but had my dentist cut a small space, not all the way, between them.
persianney 10 months ago
@KnowsTheDrill1984 you don't have to stick them make them as close as possible , let the ney touch the tip of ur upper lip and let it have an angle don't out it straight
thegreatknight 8 months ago
Was given a Bashkirian kurai made by Azat Aitkulov. Thanks to your Doel den Kees van instruction video I had sound from it within 5 minutes (after trying for some hours the weeks before). I am crap, but it is the kurai sound, which I already find quite something. At least I will not be totally embarassing when my family asks me to play something.
Going to watch this video several times and try more.
Thanks Kees!
Azrifel 1 year ago
Hi, first of all, tanx for uploading these video, im a Persian also, actually i play santoor, dotar and i sing and for 8 months i have a Ney and i try to play it. the hardest part is the base part, how to make a sound!!!!!! can you help me by sharing more video on this problem. what can i do????? tanxx
ashkan1980able 1 year ago
@ashkan1980able check out a tutorial i posted teaching how to produce a sound from the ney. once you can produce the sound, you can modulate the air flow and get the bam (thebase sound), though making the bam sound is hard at first. a thicker stream of air blown in at a slower pace will help you get the bam sound.
puyaabbassi 1 year ago
I am Persian And really admire what u are doing to teach this instrument :)
arian6586 1 year ago
A friend of mine who has friends in Iran shared this video with me. I am a bassoonist and have a love for Bulgarian and Hungarian sounds as well as related musics from the middle east. As a bassoonist I work with Arundo Donax all the time, and this video has inspired me to learn to use the material in a totally new way! I will be checking out your other videos and your website and you might get an order for a ney from me soon! Very intriguing instrument.
tjowatonna 1 year ago
Very nice video and lesson.
karabouzouktzis 1 year ago
thx mowiena for your reply, unfortunately , I have to learn it in the hard way, i've checked all the 784,563 videos on youtube :) and found that Egyption Nay and Kawala have the freak tung-lips position that i only can do it only in my dreams, I have to practice the hard way :( am getting tired from this instrument !!!!!! VIOLIN and Oud took One month from me .. NAY is totally different story !!
fadimetwalli 2 years ago
I am getting confused , once I got my first tone and thought I passed the hardest thing I found forums telling that this isn`t the right way !! coz I am playing Egyptian Nay not Persian !! any advise ??
fadimetwalli 2 years ago
The Egyptian Nay is so similar to the Persian one. Actually, Persians inherited the Ney from the Ancient Egyptian civilization.. Keep practicing, I play differently and both ways are right.. just try to get the right tone and that's it... =) Good Luck
mowiena 2 years ago
I love ney, but i am trying to get a sound out of it for weeks now!!!!!!!!!!!!. any suggestions of what to do? what is the position of the tongue please help. im not giving up.
hassankhonsari 2 years ago
Consider the angle of the ney towards your chin. Put the tip of the tongue as you see in the video (a bit down separated from the edge of the ney). And now try to put the rest of the tongue in different positions against your palate. Keep practicing!!! It could take you some days but u will do it.
mlvrn 2 years ago
go to google ur will see position, but don't give up try by ur way ;)
ba470 2 years ago
Sir .. Million thx is not enough.
you are a GOD FATHER
you are .. i dont know what to say .. !!
I play keyboards since 15 years .. and play Oud and Violin .. Learning NAY was my nightmare .. disappointed for 2 years .. i couldn`t find the A-B of this instrument .. your video gave the story from A-Z in only 9 minutes ..
Sir .. I owe you a big favor .. and soon or later i'll pay it to you.
fadimetwalli 2 years ago 4
@fadimetwalli After almost two years, I am getting pass the point of it being a nightmarish instrument, so now it’s actually pleasant. The nay is a great instrument for nightmares, yours, others, those you wish to have nightmares. It is a nightmarish instrument
bellydancerann 10 months ago
@fadimetwalli I started with the cousin of the Ney a “kawala" flute which is about the same as the American penny whistle. The kawala flute was physically strenuous and quite difficult at first. I received a Ney about a year later. What I can say on the Ney is that it is a very complex instrument. I am very familar with the music. I have studied the dance for about 12 years.
bellydancerann 10 months ago
great teaching,,,thank you so very mach,,,i was trying to learn this for months,,but with ur lesson i got the sound straight away,,,cause i play flute,,,but i fell in love with the sound of ney,,,its awesome,,,thank you :) love and bless
babaktrippy 2 years ago
Comment removed
MonsieurRochas 2 years ago
Hi I just recieved my first Ney and do not know how to make that sound, all I am hearing is air being blown, any tips? Thanks
fiddycentschest 2 years ago
im playin ney for a long time but its the first im seeing its played with teeth. i suggest you to check turkish style playing. its more logical.
psychoplot 2 years ago
I'm not an expert. But it's not a matter of logic ;) It's a traditional instrument... you know? It's like to tell some1 who plays setar to play guitar instead, because it has more strings!
mlvrn 2 years ago
Whatever, playin with teeth is hard as ewry1 see. And all has own choice.
psychoplot 2 years ago
@psychoplot
In my opinion the sound of the Turkish ney is no match for the Persian ney.
persianney 10 months ago
keep trying! I think that the key it's the position of your tongue against the palate. Consider that the tongue is not only the tip of the tongue!!! The position of the tip of the tongue that u can see in the video is only a part of all the tongue... the rest of it should be very well placed at the palate to begin to get a sound.
mlvrn 2 years ago
thanks, nice job!
pattonnn666 2 years ago
Wooooooooooooow :D
loved it
great job
mozahemi 2 years ago
nice job dud!
AvayIrani 2 years ago
i love the sound of the Persian ney, thank you!
back2themusic 2 years ago
طييب شي صح
ذكرتني بفايز
ALGALADQ8 2 years ago
great teaching
jacquillo 2 years ago 2
I've played many instruments over the years, and I can say this, one of my most proud moments has to be when I first realize that I knew how to get a steady tone out of the ney. I love this instrument, it possesses almost a meditative quality that makes it nice to just sit and play when I just need to get away from it all
WhereIsMyHair 2 years ago 2
Beautiful
and thank u
amazing lesson
ABOMEERZA 2 years ago 2
Beautiful!
★★★★★ STARS for You
W ♫♪ Music!
CarloDelMonte 2 years ago 2
Thanks a lot for these video I have a Ney and i didn't have an idea to how to start playing I´m a profesional bassoon & sax player but I really love the ney.I will practice all these exercise.
escagad 2 years ago
really u r a great teacher , u know how to give the information , and let the others understand it .
0oMindStormso0 2 years ago
hi. my name is ali . can i know where r u from. and where do u live . please
barzan0981 2 years ago
perfect lesson,how can we get more information about ur activities?!i can't find your website's address,thanks for the clip
Arash0o0o 2 years ago
I purchased a ney from you way back in 1999. I did what your web site said, to wrap the top with tape. I learned the embouchure from your diagram. I have never regretted my purchase and I've enjoyed the challenge of this instrument for ten years now. I still play like utter crap. But I just discovered your videos, which have helped me make great improvements in tone. That lip wiggle thing, for example had eluded me before. Thanks for sharing!!
camelchimes 2 years ago
Nice to hear that!
persianney 2 years ago
very impressive
arashkamalian 2 years ago 5
It actually took me only an like an hour to make the first sound on my Ney thanks to your video :) seriously.
amir2287 2 years ago
An hour is very good. Some people take weeks (or forever). It took me 4 hours. You must have talent!
persianney 2 years ago
Thanks, so do you!
amir2287 2 years ago
are you shure is talent, because I've been blowing so much air that my ears hurt and I'm out of breath, I think you need to have a good set of lips and long tongue, which i lack both.
1zafarani 1 year ago
@persianney many people can make some sound on the ney when they first get. I give my ney to people and try to have them blow. About half can make sound in a couple of minutes. The quality of the ney I have is very good.
bellydancerann 10 months ago
Te gek,ik wind dat echt mooie!un bon pedagogue,bravo you teach very good.
zoreastre 3 years ago
Cool, Thank You!
GoldenDragi 3 years ago
very good job brother , very impressive
filsoofimusic 3 years ago
Phiew! This technique of blowing is so unusual and so hard! I play arabic ney but this, this is something else!!AWESOME sound!
I constructed a ney from arundo donax reed (here in Greece we have plenty of them!)following your instructions and now... i am trying to take out the music from it thanks to your help.
A BIG THANKS!
Costa.
saaladdin 3 years ago
Thank you very much for the video ostad..I was waiting for your lessons since long time ago..
atbaei 3 years ago
Thanks, but before you can call me "ostad" I need to learn Farsi and be able to sing the radif. I'm just an amateur player of the ney.
The ney ostads are Kassai, Ghayouri, Nahid, Omoumi, Mussavi, Andalibi, Kiani-nejad, Afsharnia. There are for sure more but I don't
know them as they don't have published CD's.
I am not at that level, and probably never will be!
persianney 3 years ago
I wonder who inspired you to put up this lesson... fantastic job, 5 stars, favorite and subscribed. More please!
goodcyrus 3 years ago
People have asked for these lessons for while but I thought it would not be useful until I saw your excellent sehtar lesson videos. I still can't get my left hand on the frets. Is it possible to play with both hands on the frets and use your toenail to pluck the strings?
persianney 3 years ago
Great video. Looking forward to more. One suggestion would be to have a stand alone lesson featuring a really beautiful melody of your choice. but anything would be appreciated.
lotfalibabak 3 years ago
I got a suggeston...would you please make a video in which you play the turkish ney, the ney with the black plastic thing on? Dont know if its turkish.. I bought mine in Istanbul recently..and im hooked and stubborn!!! :D
Cicikoma 3 years ago
I don't play turkish ney, sorry.
persianney 3 years ago
Thank you so much for this video, I look forward to taking lessons from you in the future.
Like you mentioned before, it's very difficult to show how to get the upper registers, but it's still a very big help.
akhorram 3 years ago
Great video! After months of trying (the wrong way, apparently) I finally managed to produce a tone, because of this video. It's weak and unstable, but it's there! I am ridiculously happy with this! ;) This is really good fun!
In a year from now, I will finally know if I 'built' my ney accurately or not!
Thanks a lot for posting, this really made my day!
lukotube 3 years ago
looking forward for next lessons!!
dastgahshur 3 years ago
Sure but what should I put in it? I don't know what would be useful.
persianney 3 years ago
well, the end of lesson 1 takes for granted that one can produce all the sounds of the ney, form bam to pas-gheesh... it could be: exercice in bam only, or gheesh only, pas-gheesh only. It could be starting to learn a dastgah, or the main phrases of it, I guess that if some people want to get a particular trick for beginners, they'll get in touch with you... Hope that will be of some help.
dastgahshur 3 years ago
I believe that considering the difficulty to find a teacher for this instrument out of Iran (and mayble L.A.), any exercise you come up with will be more than welcome.
dastgahshur 3 years ago
awesome thx
jmirahmadi 3 years ago
Thank you very much!
I'm planning to build ney out of plastic and bamboo - this kind of cane doesn't grow here:(
I'm playing gucul floyara (see my videos),bulgarian kaval - they are without whistle, just like ney, but played "with lips", as turkish ney. But from time to time I am trying to get sound as of persian ney and sometimes succeed:)
Tell me please, what are good dimension of ney to start practice (length or key and inner diameter?)
Cheers from Ukraine:)
Thanks:)
avelkm 3 years ago
See my website (construction section).
persianney 3 years ago
Much appreciated. Thanks!
soonerorlater23 3 years ago
Thank you man.
aliov85 3 years ago 2