Temperature & Ultra-Cold Atoms - Sixty Symbols

[CommanderdMtllca]

@307atrain it's because of heisenberg's uncertainty principle. It says that you can't know both the position and velocity with an equal amount of accuracy. So the more you know about one, the less you know about the other. If the atoms completely stop, the speed is 0 and the position is finite so that would break the principle

[Liurix945]

I like the red ball.

[possumverde]

They don't mention it but is the experiment they're doing an attempt to create a Bose-Einstein condensate?

[damianpaz]

4:00 "This is one of the fewer things in this lab that I build personally". (two orange half tennis balls badly taped in a corner) LOL

[LewisAM37]

i can imagine those tennis balls are a result of a lot of pain

[markakroll]

Ya well! Have you gotten down 1,000 X colder? Or is that just a lot of HOT AIRE?

[BruceNJeffAreMyFlies]

@markakroll I would really like to see what they have to say about that to be honest. His opinion of cold is probably alot wider now :P

[CRISNCHIPS12398]

CO2 is not a V-shape....

[saff3356]

i wonder how many times he's had bump in to the shelf before he decide to put tennis balls :)

[307atrain]

Why can't we achieve a stationary atom, completely absolutely stopped? What laws of quantum mechanics apply here. What I mean is E=(mc2) tells us mass contains energy and energy contains mass, simply different manifestations of the same thing. Given that if the atom became stationary, completely at rest, would it lose mass as well?

[schmidtbag]

@307atrain i'm not sure, but since matter can't be destroyed, by considering your theory, the temperature can't equal 0

[240zguy240]

lol the tennis balls on the corner of the shelf. i would be THAT guy who hit his head on it and put he tennis balls on so it wouldnt happen again

[wazroady]

things like how at ted , that wannabe elite bil gates has a equation that involves killing people to reduce the co2 footprint in the world when in the real pincher we produce , stuff all co2 compares with one cargo ship, or a volcano.

should we be killed in the belief that we are just a awaist of DNA

[wazroady]

please can you not reference global warming , as its been proven to be a lie propagated bye the worlds elite to force a one world government that belive in killing people to reduce co2 , i use to holed this show as bipartisan to this subject , but if this is the case of these beliefs make me scared and sick at what might be going on there behind closed doors ,,

[Vennificus]

Correction it's SUPPOSED to have a linear shape. Knowing nature as we do, how likely is that?

[m21cerney]

yellow cheese bananna butt with red

[92blink182]

Carbon dioxide has a linear structure, that is:

:  : O=C=O

: :

It has a linear structure because, it is the most stable structure as the bonds are at a maximum distance from each other.

[labobo]

next 6 mouth ?!

how long does it take for you to push a few buttons ?!

or is it a new stronger laser you're waiting for ?

[sidewaysfcs0718]

so even if u have a piece of wood or metal or whatever , its individual electrons and quarks might have "temperatures" or billions of degrees ..but thats just temperature in 1 point of space , the temperature of the entire thing is around room temperature ...rather mind blowing...

and in the same way cold also doesnt have a limit i think ..

u can get like 0.0000000000000000000000001 K and its still not zero.

and even if u could get it still , its only still relative to you..

[robertwc82]

the universe is indeed stranger than is possible to fathom.

infinity between to finite points!

i saw a documentary on YT that may interest you

its called "how long is a piece of string"

[sidewaysfcs0718]

@robertwc82

well infinity doesnt really exist , its a human concept , and neither does the concept of "finite"

its hard to explain ..but neither "finite" or "infinite" really exist ..

in m theory our 3d universe wich is finite is expanding into 4d space , wich in turn expands into 5d space and so on ...and everything esentially stops at 11d , nothing can exist beyond 11d cus any possibility of anything existing is already included in 11d .

[9hello123]

@sidewaysfcs0718 finite isn't a human concept.

[gamesbok]

@sidewaysfcs0718 If the atom is stikk in the room, it's still doing 67,000mph around the sun. The point is that if it's still to you you can't get any energy from it.

[robertwc82]

i heard somewhere that while there is a limit to cold but there is no limit for hot.

is this true and if so, wouldnt the oscilations of the molecules and antoms eventually reach the speed of light and not be able to move any faster?

[sidewaysfcs0718]

well ...there should be a limit to the individual speed of a particle ...

but the more particles u have ...the more temperature u would have

and they cant exactly reach light speed

a particle that has mass can reach 99.99999999999 % light speed for example ...making it hotter means taking i to 99.999999999999999999999999999­9% ...wich is faster ..but still has a finite limit.

[robertwc82]

thanks for an awsome response, seems very plausiable to me. there is only one thing, is there really a finite point? to how many decimal places does it go? could it not go on into infinity without ever reaching 100%? would that make it both infinite with a finite limit at the same time? seems very paradoxical to my feeble mortal brain.

what a trip lol!

[sidewaysfcs0718]

@robertwc82

well the decimals are already infinite ..we just didnt count them all yet or didnt make them all 99999.... in a way the decimals are already there ...but after a point its something like 999953256200000000 giving it more energy just make it closer to 100% but never 100% ...

for example , i dont know if i remember this correct but the individual temperature of 1 electron at high energy a few trillion degrees ...but in a piece of wood the medium temp is 30 degrees ....

[Gozaburo1]

Carbon Dioxide is not bent...its Linear...two double bonds, two areas of electron density...

[chrisofnottingham]

Being in a space suit is like living inside a vacuum flask - like we use for hot drinks. The drink just stays warm (or cools down very slowly) because there is no input of energy. But you make your own heat heat as a person and there is nowhere for the heat to go, so you would get too hot.

If you are in sunlight then it's even worse.

[Acd1992]

i have recently talked to a physicist and he corrected my on my previous statement. CO2 and Methane are harmfull for global warming because instead of absorbing the infared rays, then moving, then releasing the energy, CO2 and Methane absorb this energy and do not release it as do any other chemical compound. sorry planet. we have failed you v_v

[Naddig74]

@Acd1992 The planet will be fine and get over it.  We, on the other hand, are in deep guano.

[arylios]

CO2 is not V-shaped as he says, it is linear.

[pHzerodotcom]

Yup, i expect he was talking about H2O

[Draxis32]

You're right.

[firestorm2000]

as he said it i was thinking vsepr, linear definitely

[lepthymo]

@arylios i was gonna say that =( i felt like really smart there for a sec XD

[s87343jim]

@arylios

I think he meant water vapour. 

[terrymorse]

@arylios "CO2 is not V-shaped as he says, it is linear."

Yeah, I suspect he was thinking "H2O" but said "CO2". H2O vapor is another greenhouse gas.

Laser cooling is a very cool technique. So counter intuitive, but so obvious once you know how it works.

[jerommeke69]

@arylios

indeed, that confused me as well

[foxdash]

@arylios Maybe he meant to say water instead?

[12co3dy21]

@arylios no its not linear, the force from the lone pairs of oxygen electrons actually cause a force on the carbon atoms giving it a 'v' like shape

[arylios]

@12co3dy21

you are wrong. The explanation you give for the lone pairs of oxygen applies for H2O, where the lone pairs of electrons located on the oxygen atom squeeze the angle (H-O-H) of the molecule and that's why the angle is not 109.5 degrees as expected for a perfect tetrahedron. In the CO2 molecule all the bonds are double and there are no lone e pairs on the C atom that would explain a V-shape of the molecule.

[Aviatorsmith]

@12co3dy21 CO2 is linear. It is water which is tetrahedral giving a 109.5 degree angle. That explains why water is a polar molecule while CO2 has no net electronegativity.

[jamesn0va]

@12co3dy21 Theres no lone pairs, the bonds are double so O=C=O

[DemonizedTX]

@arylios Perhaps he was thinking about water which is shaped like a V .

[iasedu]

@arylios CO2 has vibrational modes that make it V-shaped, just like an oscillator.

[Acd1992]

with the excess about of CO2 in our atmosphere, the CO2 will absorb some heat and convert it into energy to make it osolate therefore COOLING our atmosphere?

[Acd1992]

he said that when it heats up, the CO2 will osolate at the 2 O's... well heat is energy corect? a form of it in any case. and energy can be transfered into many forms such as light, movement and so on and so forth. when our atmosphere is being heated up by the sun's rays, isn't the heat being transformed into energy and movement in each of the individyal CO2's?

[nurikosguardian]

SCIENCE

[mohrjaffa]

I would highly recommend a BBC program: 'Absolute Zero - The Conquest of Cold (2007)'. Just google for a torrent. Awesome program for anyone whos interested in cold, absolute zero and also more info on laser cooling and more.

[eltotoX]

Cool video! But a bit too dumbed down, in my very humble opinion.

[bun4bun]

its aimed mainly at us stupid people :-)

dont worry we will soon come upto your level

[robertwc82]

i'm too lazy to do the hard work, especially when i can just climb onto the shoulders of giants and see just as far as they can. but 1st i need it to be dumbed down then gather more info from their, youve got to start somewhere and this is a great starting point to discover things in which i can go research more indepth.

[eatmyvengance]

absolute zero is like -276 and if its so 'cold' and the atoms stop moving doesn't that mean they basically go out of existence?

and finally something on sixty symbols i can understand :).

[TheGoodWitch1]

I can't even begin to explain how unscientific I am.....i'm not even particularly bright.......but I do so love your videos on you tube and learn so much from them. Thank you!

[Abnormalized]

This is a bit random but...

If you could possibly withstand the near-zero pressure of space, and you were floating out there without a suit, wouldn't you actually start to overheat (at least while your metabolism was still going)?

It'd be like hanging out in a Thermos or sleeping under 50 blankets!

;)

[superdau]

Exactly. In space which is nearly vacuum, heat can only be given off by radiation, which is a very slow process. That's why space suits have a water cooling system (which itself is cooled by evaporating water into space, but is a limited resource). Contrary to popular belief, heat is a bigger problem in space than cold. In addition to the self generated heat (be it human or machine), the sun heats everthing very fast, while the heat can only be radiated very slowly.

[Abnormalized]

@superdau

That makes a lot of sense. I've been confused by the popular notions.

One question a friend of mine had was why the Apollo astronauts were freezing to death in Apollo 13.

Was that just a movie embellishment? Or was the spacecraft leaking air, carrying off the heat? I haven't seen the movie in a while so I forget the exact circumstances.

Thanks for the response ;)

[robertwc82]

it has been boggling my mind trying to understand how heat travels through space, and the fact that due to the conservation of energy this heat will spread out into infinity. does this energy ever go back to a lower state of entropy, will the big bang repeat?.....so much mystery, it hurts my feeble little mortal brain lol

[rabbitsib]

slowing Molecules this way. wow Freezer 2.0 the one that cost you more than any other.

[shahared1]

For all the people nitpicking the video: This video isn't about CO2! So go argue about it elsewhere. You can't expect someone trying to explain their work to layman to give you 100% accurate analogies, as has been expressed in many of the '60 symbols' videos.

[PBDPBD]

I don't expect anyone to explain their work in 100% accurate analogies. However, that is irrelevant. Look up the definition of "analogy". You cannot use a shape ("v" shape) as an analogy for a shape (a line). You also can't use a type of movement (vibrating up and down) as an analogy for a type of movement (side to side. I'll also say that you are the one who is sidetracking the comments. A discussion about CO2 as explained in the video is about the video, commenting about comments is not.

[shahared1]

I am well aware of the definition of analogy, simply pointing out that this video isn't meant as any form of lecture or "discussion". It's simply showcasing their work for laymen. If by sidetracking the comments you mean defending a man who gave a few minutes of his busy day to make this video then yes, I have sidetracked the endless babble and incoherent ramblings of the anonymous internet masses. Oh woe is you, you poor poor thing.

Now go cry me a river, I've already got the paddles ready.

[PBDPBD]

The video IS meant to inform accurately, which it failed to do in a very small way. Science is ALL about discussions, and especially criticism. There is no such thing as just "showing off". I don't know what your problem is, but nobody needs some anonymous jackass, also part of the babbling and incoherent anonymous masses, like you to defend them. As he already said, he made a small mistake. I appreciate the time/effort, but he was wrong. You might not care about accuracy, but some people do.

[shahared1]

Oh, So "I'm" the asshole! What an epiphany! Thanks so much for showing me what's what with your condescending attitude and self righteous behavior. For a moment I almost thought I was a person who deserved to have his own opinions and thoughts, but you sure showed me. Once you get done with that pity party your having maybe you should just pat yourself on the back for having done such a noble deed.

[PBDPBD]

ROFLMAO. OK... I wasn't sure if you were serious before, but this confirms you weren't. Let's stop wasting commenting space here.

[CoolMinty]

Fascinating! And what are the names of these 2 lovely scientists? ;)

[xja85mac]

You mean that CO2 is v-shaped? CO2 is linear, and it indeed it deforms to v-shape, but when stationary is linear!

[zanariot]

That's so weird that a laser actually cools down the particles. I wish I could understand that because it's gonna bug the hell out of me until I do.

[4Dmetricology]

Lasers "push" on the atoms in the gas with their momentum which holds them in place and keeps them from moving. The Rubidium absorbs the photons at a lower frequency than it re-emits them, lowering the energy of the rubidium. This tendency is why rubidium is used in lasers and optical cable.

The occasional rubidium atom is lost out of the containment, due to high energy level, which is considered "evaporative cooling".

[PBDPBD]

Could someone please clarify what he's talking about when he talks about CO2's shape and the reason it is a greenhouse gas? CO2 is not in a bent shape, it is a linear molecule. That is why it is nonpolar. Since it is a linear molecule, the rest of what he said doesn't follow. I imagine he just got confused and the movement is from side to side instead of up and down, but maybe someone else could clarify.

[advertisehere]

I'm not sure that CO2 being linear means it can't vibrate like that.

I would think that a straight molecule can still vibrate..

[shahared1]

This isn't a video about greenhouse gas, it's about their work with cold molecules "as explained in layman's terms" for the people of YouTube. If you want info on greenhouse gas effects on the environment I would suggest finding that info elsewhere.

[PBDPBD]

1. This IS a video about a greenhouse gas, it's one of the pieces of information covered in the video. The whole video isn't 100% about it, but it isn't 100% about their work with cold molecules.

2. I didn't ask for information on the effects of greenhouse gases on the environment.

[itchBob]

Hi everyone,

PBDPBD is absolutely right, the shape of CO2 is wrong in this video, it's actually 0=C=0 shaped, where = is a double bond.

That's me in the video making that mistake, which is quite embarrassing. Sadly though, the point still stands, it's the vibrating modes of C02 absorbing I.R. radiation from the earth which is heating things up.

Sincere apologies for the error, I will be more rigorous in future videos.

[pieselsoft]

@myrmecophilous: If an atom is moving towards an incident beam of light, it will "see" the frequency, or energy, of that light to be slightly higher due to the Doppler effect. (The effect that makes the pitch of sound change when a fast car passes us.) If the frequency of the incident light is chosen just slightly below a resonance frequency of the atom, the atom will start radiating at the apparent frequency until it slows down and finally "sees" the original light frequency.

[myrmecophilous]

The doppler effect at the quantum scale, huh? That's wild. Thanks for the reply. I had always wondered how people cooled things so near to absolute zero.

[kazl1m]

It must have been the punnster in me who clicked four stars for "pretty cool"

[Personmang]

I'm so glad you made this video! I've had a question relating to temperature (on the molecular level) for a while now.

If zero movement equates to absolute zero, and nothing can move faster than the speed of light, does that mean that there is an absolute hot?

Thanks!

[thejewbs]

Yes there is an absolute hot, it is also known as the Planck temperature....and it's 1.416785(71) × 1032 kelvin.

[culwin]

good question

[mV33rs]

The first men reminds me of Bruno haha

[xlrv1]

Apart from the "weird effects" you expect (please keep us posted) it's nice to review the basics: everybody knows heat is molecular energy but it escaped me that there are different ways of being hot. As for "we can't get to stationary" - the concept of motionlessness has always blown my mind. Isn't it a matter of the coordinate system you choose, so at least one thing in the universe can be stationary? What do physicists mean by the "rest mass" of something? Is it just airy-fairy extrapolation?

[myrmecophilous]

Can someone explain to me how it is that shining light of a certain energy on an atom causes it to emit a photon of a higher energy?

[joyork]

Please please do a follow up video on this in 6 months and tell us what the experiment shows... I'd love to know more, especially about the quantum mechanical effects.

[Braksis8]

The man who modernized this setup won the Nobel and actually spoke at my school (Reed College). We have a similar setup.

[woodesroger]

the bose einstein condensate happens just above/around 0 kelvin correct?

[pieselsoft]

@woodesroger: At what temperature Bose-Einstein condensation occurs actually depends on the density of the atoms. The denser, the higher the condensation temperature. In this type of experiments, with atomic gases, it typically happens between 100 Nanokelvin and 1 Microkelvin above absolute Zero. That is below 0.000001K. Superfluidity in liquid Helium, which is a closely related phenomenon occurs "already" at around 2K.

[BYMYSYD]

This is how you create a BEC.

[specialmike140]

"here's a bunch of things wrapped in tin foil..."

lol physicists are fucking crazy!!!

[sixtysymbols]

@specialmike140: Ha ha... That big table the experiment sits on actually floats on air and can be lifted with your little finger despite being super heavy... But the Prof much preferred showing off the red tennis ball uses to stop him whacking his head!

[HymerSchmidt]

It's funny how some of your physicists share the mannerisms of others. I imagine some were taught by each other.

[YogiToad]

great vid.

[04carrolld]

so how can space have a temparature?

[Chobonaru]

Because space isn't a complete vacuum. There's maybe one atom per square meter, or something.

[04carrolld]

thnx

bt wouldnt that be really really cold haha

[Chobonaru]

Unimaginably cold. ;)

[solomsolomol]

@ 0:16 . for a second there i thought that prof. Moriarty shaved his head :) so who are the new fellas ?

BTW if more heat = faster molecular movement , then does more heat = faster sound waves and vice versa ?

[muiemuie123]

yeah, the speed of sound is affected by the air temperature.

[YogiToad]

i did not know that...

[sixtysymbols]

@solomsolomol: Details of the "new" scientists can be found at the main sixtysymbols webpage by clicking on "The Scientists".

[silveradze]

@solomsolomol

The molecular movement is totally diffrent from sound waves. Sound waves doesnt operate on molecular scale. Even if they would it wouldnt matter because waves can interfere so one wave doesnt have influence on another (thats not precise but it's as simple as i could explain in YT comment) :)

[ConnorFlockSpeevage]

So you fire a laser, and things get cold?

[Iztaru]

I had to go to the Periodic Videos to see the Rubidium video. It is nice to see what is 1 of the "interesting physics effects" mentioned by the professor. :-)

Very nice video on its own too.

[BGenerous]

Glad to see another Sixty Symbols. These videos are great!

Is that Brady's chin at 4:12? :)

[seanbrockest]

What i would like an explanation for, is this.

My thermostat is set to the same temperature every day, 22c. Some days my wife wakes up and says "why is it so hot in here?", and some days she says "why is it so cold in here?"

To me, it's the same every day, and the thermostat agrees. I'd love to know what quantum forces she's able to detect that I'm not.

[Chipsonfire]

Bose-Einstein condensates are really remarkable. When I did a small study of them, there was very little literature on them, but it seems like a lot more people are able to make them now.

[Paxmax]

I for one find this to be really exciting!

Even though I do not comprehend how aiming an beam on rubidium could make it emit more energy than the beam put into the rubidium.

"Cool" vid.....

[aconstantfalling]

so, in the big bang, what was it that was getting hot before the particles formed?

[RiddickTheKiller]

@aconstantfalling

First of all , in the universe we have fundamental , non-dividable particles called Leptons.Those just exist , and aren't formed by other particles.Well , those moved a lot at the beginning.When they calmed down , with the temperature going down , other forces started putting them together to form bigger structures (Example : Quarks to Protons)

[RiddickTheKiller]

Oh , and Big Bang theory is almost out of fashion...it's the time for Branes and other kinds of inflationary universes ;)

[papervampire]

re: Leptons,

That's what they thought about atoms.

[RiddickTheKiller]

That's true...to the actual point , it seems we'd better put our hopes in Witten's M-Theory ;)

[jnthnbush]

first, first!

[RedVstheBlue]

Good video.

[Intervene]

Cool vid. Thanks.