The International Court of Justice stated that the fundamental rights of the Palestinian population of the occupied territories are guaranteed by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and that Israel could not deny them on the grounds of security
Palestinians living in the non-annexed portions of the West Bank do not have Israeli citizenship or voting rights in Israel, but are subject to movement restrictions of the Israeli government. Israel has created roads and checkpoints in the West Bank with the stated purpose of preventing the uninhibited movement of suicide bombers and militants in the region. The human rights NGO B'Tselem has indicated that such policies have isolated some Palestinian communities.
The World Bank found in 2009 that Israeli settlements in the West Bank (which amount to 15% of the population of the West Bank) are given access to over 80% of its fresh water resources, despite the fact that the Oslo accords call for "joint" management of such resources. This has created, according to the Bank, "real water shortages" for the Palestinians....
On December 29, 2009 Israel's High Court of Justice accepted the Association for Civil Rights in Israel's petition against an IDF order barring Palestinians from driving on Highway 443. The ruling should come into effect five months after being issued, allowing Palestinians to use the road. According to plans laid out by the Israeli Defence Forces to implement the court's ruling, Palestinian use of the road is seen to remain limited
In October 2005 the Israel Defense Force stopped Palestinians from driving on Highway 60, as part of a plan for a separate Road Network for Palestinians and Israelis in the West Bank. The road had been sealed after the fatal shooting of three settlers near Bethlehem. As of 2005, no private Palestinian cars where permitted on the road although public transport was still allowed. B'Tselem described this as a first step towards "total 'road apartheid'"
B'Tselem wrote in 2004 that "Palestinians are barred from or have restricted access to 450 miles of West Bank roads, a system with 'clear similarities' to South Africa's former apartheid regime"
When al-Ludd, as it was known by its Arab inhabitants before 1948, was captured by Israel, the Arab inhabitants fled or were expelled and the city was settled by Jewish immigrants, most refugees expelled from Arab countries. Of the former Arab population, only 1,056 inhabitants remained. It is today known as Lod, its Hebrew name.
Within the city of Lod, a three-meter-high wall has been erected to separate Jewish districts from Arab ones. Arab suburbs have been restricted from growing, while the Israeli government has encouraged building in Jewish areas. Some municipal services, such as street lighting and rubbish collection, are only provided to Jewish areas
According to B’Tselem's 2010 summary, there are 124 official Israeli settlements and 100 informal outposts, and 12 Jerusalem settlements on Palestinian land. Peace Now’s interactive settlement map shows the name, location, and population for each settlement and outpost on Palestinian territory, all of which are considered illegal under international law.
since there are people in the government of all ethnicities, race, religion... and the same for any private/public body you are bluntly incorrect, and I've already mentioned this before, plus it's mentioned in the video which you have probably not even watched...
you are incorrect, I've provided 3 links one of which is the official Mirriam-Webster dictionairy and another Wikipedia, which consists of official/scientific sources at the bottom of the page, all summarize the same.
you will see that there is no Racial segregation, none of which you have stated. frankly you have probably never been to Israel.
useful idiots - these are the people that run these "Israel Apartheid week" sessions and constantly blame Israel & the Jews for all the world problems, useful idiots...
Israel is being outed as an apartheid state:- separate road system never existed in South Africa. 93% of land for Jews only. Get real. Dr Joseph Goebbels would approve of this propaganda!
@petersz98 I'm sorry but that remark is as baseless as it gets, I dont know where you heard these lies but ill teach you a thing or two about Israel: Israel has & always had members of the Knesset (legislature) of different races & religions, even in Israel's first political party (obviously Zionist) you had an Arab in the -Government- from the Zuabi family, today and along history you had many Druze, Christian, Muslim - both Arab & Beduin in the gov & legislature
South Africa under white rule gave the vote to "Coloreds" and "Indians" just like Israel has given the vote to "Israeli Arabs" but only because of their demographic insignificance(20% of population). They have Israeli "citizenship", but do not have Israeli nationality as Israel only recognizes Jewish nationality. Most rights go with nationality not citizenship. Equivalent to South Africa Nationality Act 1950. Right or Wrong?
i don't see what is the problem! arabic and hebrew both are formal languages here....arabs have their religions cultures holidays! and any other rights jews have ! it is a fact israel is give to arabs more rights than any other arab country!
plus do you see england or france giving the muslims and arabs their the same rights as any other french or engglish! european countries give less right to arab than we do! we let people to wear bruka european countries and syria don't!
@petersz98 in addition, I study at the university & there are Prof/Doc/Students from all the races/religions, there is no such thing as a road for only one Race/Religion whatever anywhere, there are Arab & Muslim Israeli's that serve in the IDF alongside Jews/Beduin/Druze etc, Israel also employs the same voting rights no matter what/who you are as long as you are a citizen, Israel doesnt even stand up to --one-- single critiria that defines an Apartheid state, good morning.
"Israel like South Africa is an apartheid state" quote made by Dr Hendrick Verwoerd in 1962 the Architect of apartheid itself and South Africa's then racist Prime Minister. Verwoerd who studied in Germany in the 1930s knew a thing or two about racism. In fact you could say he was an expert on it! There was no fooling him when it came to Israel! LOL!
Suppose you fall in love and want to marry an Israeli Arab? Just as in the USA under Jim Crow or SA under white rule you cannot. Why? Because there is no civil marriage in Israel people of different religions cannot get married, you would have to go to Cyprus in order to get married. Now be honest am I right or am I right?
In the era when American blacks were subject to Jim Crow laws and other forms of racial segregation, a number of blacks held prominent positions in the United States. Artists like Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington were sent on international goodwill tours. Ralph Bunche served as a U.S. ambassador to the UN. The athlete Jesse Owens went to Berlin in 1936 and found out he had more freedom in Nazi Germany than in the USA, he could stay in "white" hotels for the first time!
@petersz98 you are confusing Israeli's with Palestinians, there are Palestinians which are all Arab and there are Israeli's which are Jews/Muslim/Arab/Christian/Druze/Sarcissan and are Israeli citizens, Palestinians are not and hence dont have the right to vote, they do work in Israel & receive much humanitarian aid even though they aren't refugees, they do after all have Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi, Egypt (all Muslim Arab homogenous countries). Israeli's if Arab or anything else
"Israeli Arabs" is an Orwellian term to pretend 1.5 million Palestinians who have Israeli citizenship are not really Palestinians and are different than Palestinians in the occupied territories. Like in South Africa the meaningless distinction between a "Colored" and a "Black". Divide and rule typical strategy of racists and colonists!
@petersz98 have the same rights as any other Israeli, the only difference is the right to return which is only a Jewish thing, but that's the same as with Japan & Portugal and any Arab/Muslim state in the world, we arent the world's prostitute and Israel is a -Jewish Democracy- and it's our right to be, just as America is protestant, Italy Catholic & any other Arab country -Muslim-, you are looking at things with a double standard which is wrong. you still have also not Rebuked anything I said.
Not only is Israel an apartheid state it is far worse than South Africa was. The South Africans never bombed the bantustans with tanks F16s or hotweitzer shells or white phosphorous. They never sieged areas for weeks on end cutting off supplies of medicine water and food. They never arrested people imprisoned them without trial under military courts, they always used civilian courts.
i think you confused between apartheid to a war! israel has no problem with the arabic! and it is a fact arabs live here in peace! they are aequal citizen as any other jew in the country! palestinians-are not citizen of israel have never been, they don't recognize israel, they hate jews-want to wipe israel from the map! boombing israel every day for the last 10 years! israel defend its people..dude learn what apartheid ..ignorant bitch!
AMM all can i do is advice you dude...use your brain iknow yours is tiny but it still works yeah! last time i checked palestinan is a nationality and the race of the people is arab race...and israel have nothing against arabs...we have peace with jordan and egypt plus many arab live here or may i be more clear 20% of the israelis are arabs! i won't lie i dislike muslims arabs, but it has nothing to do with their colore skin language or stuff like this! it is their culture...! any to
any way to our case! for being a racist you need to hate a race...israel don't hate any race! we have citizen from all over the world! somepeople are racist but it is the last thing you can say about this country!
i israel was a racist state! it was 100% jewish! arabic wasn't a formal language! and all the arabic symbuls would be disappear! Game over for u dude...u can't play if u don't have a brain and it is clearly yours doesn't work! bye bye loser!
Hitler's Nuremberg Laws where wear German Jews lost their right to be German citizens in their own country, and laws banning marriage between Jews and non-Jews in the 1930s.
Israel has Nuremburg laws! Jews and non-Jews not allowed to marry and the Zio-Führer Avigdor Lieberman now has his neo-Nazi "No Loyalty, No citizenship" law passed. Have you pledged allegiance to the Führer Avigdor Lieberman yet? Israel not racist? LOL!
you must be kidding with me don't u?!?1 or you just a brainwashed kid who doesn't know any thing from his life or about the world! in israel you can marry any one....even gays can have something like marrige and they get the same rights as a married couple!!!
People of different religions cannot marry, there is no civil marriage in Israel. People have to go Cyprus to get round it. Throughout Israel, vigilante groups exist to end interracial relationships between Arab men and Jewish women. The vigilante groups try to "rescue" Jewish girls from being "violated" by Arab men. It is the sort of thing that was common place in Alabama or Germany 1930s to protect the purity of the white race! LOL!
it is a lie they can't have religious marriage but they do can marry with a judge or having something like marriage they have the same rights but they just call knowing in public! plus if they do can marry out side the country and when they come back they are married it means israel doesn't ban mariagge between arabs to jews! i know some mix marriage! and it sad cuz arabs men don't know to treat a women! and i'm against marriage between jews and arabs! but i'm pro marriage between
What does feel like to be in a country that won't exist in 2030? By that time the Zionist state will have joined the Apartheid state, The Third Reich and White Supremacist Rhodesia into the trash can of colonial history!
keep dreaming cuz we are here 4 ever! and you are know one but israel! israel is a cool state! and due you are a loser bye bye loser! i would like to speak with you in 2030 till than hasta la vista, baby!!
@rotemsh1 isreal is not a recogniesd country to most of the world its only england an the us keeping isreal in 1 peace an thats not gona b for ever what u gona do when uv gota fight for urself die fast thats what jews make a smaller an smaller persent of the worlds populion as 2.000yrs ago its dieing fast already im not bring religion in to this god hates jews anyways holocaust much iv no dog in this fight im just calling on ur bullshit id get out wile u can
@petersz98 the fact is you cant name one criteria which Israel resembles / is an Apartheid state, dont forget Apartheid is an already based term... you should probably also look it up and see what it means, I suggest Oxford dict.
You misunderstand apartheid. Apartheid is defined as a crime against humanity by the 1973 convention on the crime of apartheid. Apartheid means oppression by one racial or ethnic group over another it does not have to be only by race. Other countries as well as Israel commit this crime, Bahrain is one and Sri Lanka another. Now do you understand Israel is an apartheid state? Its like been given a medical diagnosis. You need to know the illness before you can carry out the cure.
@petersz98 did you even watch the video?, I'm assuming you didn't cause you would already be presented with the fact that rebukes all of what you said... so at least read my comments.
The International Court of Justice stated that the fundamental rights of the Palestinian population of the occupied territories are guaranteed by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and that Israel could not deny them on the grounds of security
Rastinny 6 months ago
Palestinians living in the non-annexed portions of the West Bank do not have Israeli citizenship or voting rights in Israel, but are subject to movement restrictions of the Israeli government. Israel has created roads and checkpoints in the West Bank with the stated purpose of preventing the uninhibited movement of suicide bombers and militants in the region. The human rights NGO B'Tselem has indicated that such policies have isolated some Palestinian communities.
Rastinny 6 months ago
The World Bank found in 2009 that Israeli settlements in the West Bank (which amount to 15% of the population of the West Bank) are given access to over 80% of its fresh water resources, despite the fact that the Oslo accords call for "joint" management of such resources. This has created, according to the Bank, "real water shortages" for the Palestinians....
Rastinny 6 months ago
On December 29, 2009 Israel's High Court of Justice accepted the Association for Civil Rights in Israel's petition against an IDF order barring Palestinians from driving on Highway 443. The ruling should come into effect five months after being issued, allowing Palestinians to use the road. According to plans laid out by the Israeli Defence Forces to implement the court's ruling, Palestinian use of the road is seen to remain limited
Rastinny 6 months ago
In October 2005 the Israel Defense Force stopped Palestinians from driving on Highway 60, as part of a plan for a separate Road Network for Palestinians and Israelis in the West Bank. The road had been sealed after the fatal shooting of three settlers near Bethlehem. As of 2005, no private Palestinian cars where permitted on the road although public transport was still allowed. B'Tselem described this as a first step towards "total 'road apartheid'"
Rastinny 6 months ago
B'Tselem wrote in 2004 that "Palestinians are barred from or have restricted access to 450 miles of West Bank roads, a system with 'clear similarities' to South Africa's former apartheid regime"
Rastinny 6 months ago
When al-Ludd, as it was known by its Arab inhabitants before 1948, was captured by Israel, the Arab inhabitants fled or were expelled and the city was settled by Jewish immigrants, most refugees expelled from Arab countries. Of the former Arab population, only 1,056 inhabitants remained. It is today known as Lod, its Hebrew name.
Rastinny 6 months ago
Within the city of Lod, a three-meter-high wall has been erected to separate Jewish districts from Arab ones. Arab suburbs have been restricted from growing, while the Israeli government has encouraged building in Jewish areas. Some municipal services, such as street lighting and rubbish collection, are only provided to Jewish areas
Rastinny 6 months ago
According to B’Tselem's 2010 summary, there are 124 official Israeli settlements and 100 informal outposts, and 12 Jerusalem settlements on Palestinian land. Peace Now’s interactive settlement map shows the name, location, and population for each settlement and outpost on Palestinian territory, all of which are considered illegal under international law.
Rastinny 6 months ago
“The Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies.”
- Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949
Rastinny 6 months ago
since there are people in the government of all ethnicities, race, religion... and the same for any private/public body you are bluntly incorrect, and I've already mentioned this before, plus it's mentioned in the video which you have probably not even watched...
Optimus7777 11 months ago
@Optimus7777
Nicely done! brief and accurate!
noamnir4u 11 months ago
en.wikipediaDOTorg/wiki/Apartheid
thefreedictionaryDOTcom/apartheid
merriam-websterDOTcom/dictionary/apartheid
Optimus7777 11 months ago
@petersz98
you are incorrect, I've provided 3 links one of which is the official Mirriam-Webster dictionairy and another Wikipedia, which consists of official/scientific sources at the bottom of the page, all summarize the same.
you will see that there is no Racial segregation, none of which you have stated. frankly you have probably never been to Israel.
Optimus7777 11 months ago
useful idiots - these are the people that run these "Israel Apartheid week" sessions and constantly blame Israel & the Jews for all the world problems, useful idiots...
Optimus7777 11 months ago
@Optimus7777
Israel is being outed as an apartheid state:- separate road system never existed in South Africa. 93% of land for Jews only. Get real. Dr Joseph Goebbels would approve of this propaganda!
petersz98 11 months ago
@petersz98 I'm sorry but that remark is as baseless as it gets, I dont know where you heard these lies but ill teach you a thing or two about Israel: Israel has & always had members of the Knesset (legislature) of different races & religions, even in Israel's first political party (obviously Zionist) you had an Arab in the -Government- from the Zuabi family, today and along history you had many Druze, Christian, Muslim - both Arab & Beduin in the gov & legislature
Optimus7777 11 months ago
@Optimus7777
South Africa under white rule gave the vote to "Coloreds" and "Indians" just like Israel has given the vote to "Israeli Arabs" but only because of their demographic insignificance(20% of population). They have Israeli "citizenship", but do not have Israeli nationality as Israel only recognizes Jewish nationality. Most rights go with nationality not citizenship. Equivalent to South Africa Nationality Act 1950. Right or Wrong?
petersz98 11 months ago
@petersz98
i don't see what is the problem! arabic and hebrew both are formal languages here....arabs have their religions cultures holidays! and any other rights jews have ! it is a fact israel is give to arabs more rights than any other arab country!
plus do you see england or france giving the muslims and arabs their the same rights as any other french or engglish! european countries give less right to arab than we do! we let people to wear bruka european countries and syria don't!
rotemsh1 10 months ago
@petersz98 in addition, I study at the university & there are Prof/Doc/Students from all the races/religions, there is no such thing as a road for only one Race/Religion whatever anywhere, there are Arab & Muslim Israeli's that serve in the IDF alongside Jews/Beduin/Druze etc, Israel also employs the same voting rights no matter what/who you are as long as you are a citizen, Israel doesnt even stand up to --one-- single critiria that defines an Apartheid state, good morning.
Optimus7777 11 months ago
@Optimus7777
"Israel like South Africa is an apartheid state" quote made by Dr Hendrick Verwoerd in 1962 the Architect of apartheid itself and South Africa's then racist Prime Minister. Verwoerd who studied in Germany in the 1930s knew a thing or two about racism. In fact you could say he was an expert on it! There was no fooling him when it came to Israel! LOL!
petersz98 11 months ago
@Optimus7777
Suppose you fall in love and want to marry an Israeli Arab? Just as in the USA under Jim Crow or SA under white rule you cannot. Why? Because there is no civil marriage in Israel people of different religions cannot get married, you would have to go to Cyprus in order to get married. Now be honest am I right or am I right?
petersz98 11 months ago
@Optimus7777
In the era when American blacks were subject to Jim Crow laws and other forms of racial segregation, a number of blacks held prominent positions in the United States. Artists like Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington were sent on international goodwill tours. Ralph Bunche served as a U.S. ambassador to the UN. The athlete Jesse Owens went to Berlin in 1936 and found out he had more freedom in Nazi Germany than in the USA, he could stay in "white" hotels for the first time!
petersz98 11 months ago
@petersz98 you are confusing Israeli's with Palestinians, there are Palestinians which are all Arab and there are Israeli's which are Jews/Muslim/Arab/Christian/Druze/Sarcissan and are Israeli citizens, Palestinians are not and hence dont have the right to vote, they do work in Israel & receive much humanitarian aid even though they aren't refugees, they do after all have Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi, Egypt (all Muslim Arab homogenous countries). Israeli's if Arab or anything else
Optimus7777 11 months ago
@Optimus7777
"Israeli Arabs" is an Orwellian term to pretend 1.5 million Palestinians who have Israeli citizenship are not really Palestinians and are different than Palestinians in the occupied territories. Like in South Africa the meaningless distinction between a "Colored" and a "Black". Divide and rule typical strategy of racists and colonists!
petersz98 11 months ago
@petersz98 have the same rights as any other Israeli, the only difference is the right to return which is only a Jewish thing, but that's the same as with Japan & Portugal and any Arab/Muslim state in the world, we arent the world's prostitute and Israel is a -Jewish Democracy- and it's our right to be, just as America is protestant, Italy Catholic & any other Arab country -Muslim-, you are looking at things with a double standard which is wrong. you still have also not Rebuked anything I said.
Optimus7777 11 months ago
@Optimus7777
Not only is Israel an apartheid state it is far worse than South Africa was. The South Africans never bombed the bantustans with tanks F16s or hotweitzer shells or white phosphorous. They never sieged areas for weeks on end cutting off supplies of medicine water and food. They never arrested people imprisoned them without trial under military courts, they always used civilian courts.
petersz98 11 months ago
@petersz98
i think you don't understand what apartheid is!
i think you confused between apartheid to a war! israel has no problem with the arabic! and it is a fact arabs live here in peace! they are aequal citizen as any other jew in the country! palestinians-are not citizen of israel have never been, they don't recognize israel, they hate jews-want to wipe israel from the map! boombing israel every day for the last 10 years! israel defend its people..dude learn what apartheid ..ignorant bitch!
rotemsh1 10 months ago
@rotemsh1
The diagnosis is APARTHEID.
The treatment is BOYCOTT, DIVESTMENT AND SANCTIONS.
The cure is EQUALITY.
It worked against racist South Africa in the 1970s and 1980s.
It will work against racist Israel in the 21st century.
Game Over!
petersz98 10 months ago
@petersz98
AMM all can i do is advice you dude...use your brain iknow yours is tiny but it still works yeah! last time i checked palestinan is a nationality and the race of the people is arab race...and israel have nothing against arabs...we have peace with jordan and egypt plus many arab live here or may i be more clear 20% of the israelis are arabs! i won't lie i dislike muslims arabs, but it has nothing to do with their colore skin language or stuff like this! it is their culture...! any to
rotemsh1 10 months ago
@petersz98
any way to our case! for being a racist you need to hate a race...israel don't hate any race! we have citizen from all over the world! somepeople are racist but it is the last thing you can say about this country!
i israel was a racist state! it was 100% jewish! arabic wasn't a formal language! and all the arabic symbuls would be disappear! Game over for u dude...u can't play if u don't have a brain and it is clearly yours doesn't work! bye bye loser!
israel is here 4 ever! bye baby
rotemsh1 10 months ago
@rotemsh1
Hitler's Nuremberg Laws where wear German Jews lost their right to be German citizens in their own country, and laws banning marriage between Jews and non-Jews in the 1930s.
Israel has Nuremburg laws! Jews and non-Jews not allowed to marry and the Zio-Führer Avigdor Lieberman now has his neo-Nazi "No Loyalty, No citizenship" law passed. Have you pledged allegiance to the Führer Avigdor Lieberman yet? Israel not racist? LOL!
petersz98 10 months ago
@petersz98
you must be kidding with me don't u?!?1 or you just a brainwashed kid who doesn't know any thing from his life or about the world! in israel you can marry any one....even gays can have something like marrige and they get the same rights as a married couple!!!
rotemsh1 10 months ago
@rotemsh1
People of different religions cannot marry, there is no civil marriage in Israel. People have to go Cyprus to get round it. Throughout Israel, vigilante groups exist to end interracial relationships between Arab men and Jewish women. The vigilante groups try to "rescue" Jewish girls from being "violated" by Arab men. It is the sort of thing that was common place in Alabama or Germany 1930s to protect the purity of the white race! LOL!
petersz98 10 months ago
@petersz98
it is a lie they can't have religious marriage but they do can marry with a judge or having something like marriage they have the same rights but they just call knowing in public! plus if they do can marry out side the country and when they come back they are married it means israel doesn't ban mariagge between arabs to jews! i know some mix marriage! and it sad cuz arabs men don't know to treat a women! and i'm against marriage between jews and arabs! but i'm pro marriage between
rotemsh1 10 months ago
@petersz98
i'm pro marriage between jews to non jews! or chrisitan arabs! just not with dirty muslims!
rotemsh1 10 months ago
@rotemsh1
What does feel like to be in a country that won't exist in 2030? By that time the Zionist state will have joined the Apartheid state, The Third Reich and White Supremacist Rhodesia into the trash can of colonial history!
petersz98 10 months ago
@petersz98
keep dreaming cuz we are here 4 ever! and you are know one but israel! israel is a cool state! and due you are a loser bye bye loser! i would like to speak with you in 2030 till than hasta la vista, baby!!
rotemsh1 10 months ago
@rotemsh1 isreal is not a recogniesd country to most of the world its only england an the us keeping isreal in 1 peace an thats not gona b for ever what u gona do when uv gota fight for urself die fast thats what jews make a smaller an smaller persent of the worlds populion as 2.000yrs ago its dieing fast already im not bring religion in to this god hates jews anyways holocaust much iv no dog in this fight im just calling on ur bullshit id get out wile u can
kingpharaohtsar 6 months ago
@rotemsh1
what religion are u?
wazwaz25 10 months ago
@wazwaz25
I'm a jew but i'm not religious i don't follow this religion's rules! let's say i believe in god this is my religion me and god!
rotemsh1 10 months ago
@rotemsh1
figures
wazwaz25 10 months ago
@wazwaz25
sorry what?
rotemsh1 10 months ago
@petersz98 the fact is you cant name one criteria which Israel resembles / is an Apartheid state, dont forget Apartheid is an already based term... you should probably also look it up and see what it means, I suggest Oxford dict.
Optimus7777 11 months ago
@Optimus7777
You misunderstand apartheid. Apartheid is defined as a crime against humanity by the 1973 convention on the crime of apartheid. Apartheid means oppression by one racial or ethnic group over another it does not have to be only by race. Other countries as well as Israel commit this crime, Bahrain is one and Sri Lanka another. Now do you understand Israel is an apartheid state? Its like been given a medical diagnosis. You need to know the illness before you can carry out the cure.
petersz98 11 months ago
@petersz98 did you even watch the video?, I'm assuming you didn't cause you would already be presented with the fact that rebukes all of what you said... so at least read my comments.
Optimus7777 11 months ago