@Biospark88 ...where do you sit? Small world? More like desperate biochemistry majors coincidentally agreeing that the TAs suck at explaining telomeric activity. lol
In the end, the lagging strand (which is longer) forms a T-loop, showing that the chromosome is finished. This serves as a protection against losing information, prevents chromosomes to bind to each other and so on. The thing to remember is that telomerase is very often inactive on somatic cells, which means that those chromosomes shorten every time they replicate. This is why we die of age. Cancer cells and stem cells have active telomerase (which is why cancer just keeps on growing).
@nattenshora It's interesting. Naked mole rats have a lifespan of 30 years.. compared with 5 for a common rat. The difference? Naked mole rats have active telomerase. Now why they don't have uncontrolled cell growth I don't know...
@zyferion I don't think it is longer because remember, each chromosome has to have a telomere i.e. a few bases which later fold back on to the chromosome to protect it from things like nuclease and so on. So am thinking those extra base would have to act as the telomeres. I might be wrong though.
@hematitecrow I hadn't thought of that before, interesting. I can't say for sure but it would seem so, since it's an enzyme that uses RNA to create DNA, which is pretty much the exact description of a reverse transcriptase. In my bio class we only talked about reverse transcriptase in retroviruses though, so I'm not sure if it is or not. Sorry, I didn't even answer your question. I just got really excited that I understood what you were talking about and why lol.
@hematitecrow Not the whole telomerase, just a subunit of it has that ability. So, in the video, the part where the DNA template strand is elongated, that would be the protein/enzyme subunit of telomerase acting as a reverse transcriptase i.e. the enzyme subunit is transcribing it's single RNA strand into a single DNA strand. Hope that helps.
Hi! Ok just for more precision , In humans the Telomere repeat sequence is TTAGGG and thus the RNA template within Telomerase would be sequnced as AAUCCC.
@lovestuck4444 He's referring to the RNA sequence inside the Telomerase enzyme. It has a AAUCCC sequence. The telomere is the DNA part that has 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeat seq. Right?
Computers run on binary code, using Boolean mathematics. Real life runs on Quaternary code using ________ mathematics. Once we get quaternary code (CGAT as opposed to 0,1) down to a T, we can program DNA to do exactly what we want. This telomere basically copies and pastes some lines of code and does some natural Quaternary arithmetic by the way I see it.
I have a question: Does a similar mechanism work at the 5' end of the leading strand? The replication of the leading strand also starts with a RNA-primer, which is removed after replication has started. So you would end up with a slightly shortened strand at that end.
If this were so, and telomerase is active in all cells, cellular senescence wouldn't exist! The Hayflick limit wouldn't exist! DNA stops replicating after its telomeres have been completely eliminated through multiple rounds of replication (and thus the cell w/ out telomeres can no longer divide.) Cuz telomerase activity has definitely been linked with uncontrolled cell division and metastisis!!!!
But this isn't accurate, though, is it? From what I understand, the genes for telomerase only are expressed (and thus telomerase only exists) in stem cells and cancer cells. This video makes it sound like telomerase is active in every cell, and that it is normal for the telomeres to be lengthened after every DNA replication.
@1092jniufvhorh I think that telomeraseactually is active in all cells, but it's 10-20 times more active in cancer cells which is why they are able to spread with ease as they are not 'breaking down' as fast.
if the parent strand was extended, don't you still have the same problem as before, namely, that Pol alpha still doesn't have a 3' OH to work with when completing the 5' end of the new strand?
@cubixguy77 Yea, that is true, but the telomere section is a lot longer than what they showed on the video. So while it would shorten at every replication, because the telomere section is useless, we don't lose any valuable parts. They say with aging, our telomeres get shorter and this might be one of of the reasons for making bad proteins due to the gene section getting cut off. Hope that helps.
Almost totally correct. except that you can't just start the rna primer at the 5' end, so the lengthened 3' end actually bends around to the other side to beable to rna prime. I was wishing the video would've shown this. :( Thanks for posting though, still quite helpful!
TTAGGG is the sequence in humans however the TTGGGG is the sequence shown is from tetrahymena the organism which most of the telomerase studies are performed on.
am i wrong or does this end-replication problem exist for the beginning of the leading strand too where a RNA primer would also be needed to initiate replication?
@cubixguy77 Replication starts at many different spots along a Dna strand not the middle. Only in Prokaryotes does it start in one spot, but they have circular Dna anyway.
what about at the 3' end of the 3'-->5' parent strand? isnt an RNA primer used at that end as well? how is that converted to dna? or is there a telomere there too?
i hate to say this but to be honest i still don't understand. at 0:29 why can't the dna primase add the rna primer. and from that OH group, allow dna polymerase 3 to bind and extend to form the complete strand just like 1:47? please help thanks.
@Catchetat the purpose of the primer is to make an indication and "tell" the nucleotides to start binding there. Without the primers, the nucleotides would not know where to start binding.
An analogy would be like this: you're given a stack of paper to photocopy. The person says he already photocopied some of the pages. You won't know where to start again unless he puts a note or make a mark to tell you where you should pick up from where he left off.
Biology should totally be a visualized course with tons of simple and amazing videos like this. Otherwise, you just don't get it even you read the book for 1000 times!
Do you want a healthy antenna? The answer is, "Yes!". When all segments of the DNA are vibrating in accord they are stable and cohesive. Cells are then healthy, as long as they receive adequate vitamin and mineral deposits. Increased oxygen flow should result from the salubrious effects of telomerase.
Thus, aging results due to a disconnect with electromagnetic energies, especially sunlight. When the Antennae are damaged not as much energy is transmitted along the DNA, and the damaged antennae are not able to facilitate the process of absorbing electromagnetic frequencies. This is what causes the degradation. People who are younger generally have a stronger link to electromagnetic energies in their bodies....
I have a speculation,that the telomeres are a form of antenna that pick up electromagnetic energy from various sources and help to distribute that energy along the DNA.The electromagnetic energies help to maintain a robust DNA structure.When the antenna begins to degrade, the entire DNA construct begins to decay. The electromagnetsim is connected to the DNA at the subatomic level. One primary source of electromagnetic energy is from SUNLIGHT, and this is one of the great sustainers of life
If you want to envision how the antennae work, consider a TV set--- if the antenna is functioning properly it receives radio signals efficiently. If the antenna is damaged, reception will be reduced, if the atenna is broken, the TV will not have reception at all....
Evidence of the positive effect of sunlight on DNA is found in the reproductive cells; sunlight stimulates fertility. If the cells did not age and received regular doses of sunlight it would have a very positive impact.
Do you want a healthy antenna? The answer is, "Yes!". When all segments of the DNA are vibrating in accord they are stable and cohesive. Cells are then healthy, as long as they receive adequate vitamin and mineral deposits. Increased oxygen flow should result from the salubrious effects of telomerase.
Thus, aging results due to a disconnect with electromagnetic energies, especially sunlight. When the Antennae are damaged not as much energy is transmitted along the DNA, and the damaged antennae are not able to facilitate the process of absorbing electromagnetic frequencies. This is what causes the degradation. People who are younger generally have a stronger link to electromagnetic energies in their bodies....
I have a speculation,that the telomeres are a form of antenna that pick up electromagnetic energy from various sources and help to distribute that energy along the DNA. The electromagnetic energies help to maintain a robust DNA structure.When the antenna begins to degrade, the entire DNA construct begins to decay. The electromagnetsim is connected to the DNA at the subatomic level.One primary source of electromagnetic energy is from SUNLIGHT,and this is one of the great sustainers of life.
As far as i know it is active in germ cells (sex cells) and i believe the thymus gland if i remember correctly where certain stem cells exist. All cells have a recessive phenotype for telomerase production, just switched off, the problem is when normal cells go through a bad mutation which can turn it on, then it can make it immortal, this is what causes cancer. Hope it helped a bit.
@01101100d thank you so much! Neithe rmy bio teacher nor this annoyingly basic and uninformative video were abloe to make that clear to me! Your explanation is clear and informative =)
yay! i understand much better w this video..thank you so much! now im off to my first molecular biology test of the semester....and i feel a lil better about it =D
To answer slimsephy's question, because in normal cells the enzyme telomerase is inactive. The consequences of that you can think for yourself. In some cancer cells this enzyme is reactivated by yet unknown means. Thats partly why they can divide indefinitely
Telomeres get shorter only in somatic cells. Take a look at your germline cells and you'll notice that the telomeres are longer. I believe that this is because telomerase is strongly expressed in germline cells while not in somatic cells.
And I swear that the RNA primer is left on the leading strand since it DNA synthesis towards the replication fork from the 3' end of the template strand. After DNA polymerase I removes the RNA primer on the end of the leading strand, there is no properly paired base before the end (no 3' on leading strand to continue from) to allow for the synthesis of DNA by DNA polymerase I.
This video doesn't make sense. doesn't DNA polymerase III read the template strand from 3'-5'? So if the replication fork is to the left of the ends (as it should be) the leading strand would be replicated off of the upper template strand. Also, wouldn't the lagging strand synthesize DNA all the way to the end, away from the replication fork, since there is the 3' end from the RNA primer to start from?
The replication origin is not at the end of the DNA, and synthesis occurs bidirectionally from that origin. So the primer on the leading strand is replaced by synthesis from the 3'OH of the lagging strand that extended from the other side of the replication origin.
@devendusv It can beTTAGGG, but not always because in case of Paramecium, the sequence is TTGGGG. Couldn't the author show the case of Paramecium? Look at wikipedia, there are sequences having repeats TTGGGG and TTAGGG etc.
So clear and concise. Thanks for finally making me get this mechanism in time for tomorrow's biochem exam.
Biospark88 1 week ago
@Biospark88 hey! I have a biochem exam today, too! lol maybe we're in the same class...
anniebasic 1 week ago
@anniebasic Are you in 153B at UCLA?
Biospark88 1 week ago
@Biospark88 Yes. With chanfreau... Our exam is in ... a couple hours lol
anniebasic 1 week ago
@anniebasic Yep, its me, Brett. Small world isnt it?
Biospark88 1 week ago
@Biospark88 ...where do you sit? Small world? More like desperate biochemistry majors coincidentally agreeing that the TAs suck at explaining telomeric activity. lol
anniebasic 1 week ago
Nice explanation,thank you for sharing
curiousarabidopsis 2 weeks ago
Is it just me or does this look too much like something made this thing?
DeadHappyFilm 2 weeks ago
<3 this video
RandytheAsian 2 weeks ago
Like if you only came here because of RP mcb ws!!!! xDDD
iqacom 3 weeks ago in playlist telomeres 2
great explanation!
ronaldo204100 3 weeks ago in playlist telomeres
RP FTW!
dandarex 1 month ago in playlist telomeres
Thank you...!!!!
juniorci 1 month ago
I hate it when I try to pause a youtube video by clicking space, the page moves downward.
edbiology 1 month ago
Thank you!!!
curly2612 1 month ago
Comment removed
slapehdiebass 1 month ago
very clear thanks!!!
koopoolful 2 months ago
Oh My GOD!!! this is fantastic! i cant believe i spent 40 minutes trying to read about it!
MrCaRTom 3 months ago
In the end, the lagging strand (which is longer) forms a T-loop, showing that the chromosome is finished. This serves as a protection against losing information, prevents chromosomes to bind to each other and so on. The thing to remember is that telomerase is very often inactive on somatic cells, which means that those chromosomes shorten every time they replicate. This is why we die of age. Cancer cells and stem cells have active telomerase (which is why cancer just keeps on growing).
nattenshora 3 months ago 7
@nattenshora It's interesting. Naked mole rats have a lifespan of 30 years.. compared with 5 for a common rat. The difference? Naked mole rats have active telomerase. Now why they don't have uncontrolled cell growth I don't know...
slapehdiebass 1 month ago
then what happens? is the lagging strand longer in the end??
zyferion 3 months ago
@zyferion I don't think it is longer because remember, each chromosome has to have a telomere i.e. a few bases which later fold back on to the chromosome to protect it from things like nuclease and so on. So am thinking those extra base would have to act as the telomeres. I might be wrong though.
RobinahJ 3 months ago
SO INTERESTING!
LPhiEinHD 3 months ago
Thank you so much for the movie, I was like WTF during the lesson at school
Helladesio 3 months ago
Someone answer me? Is telomerase a type of reverse transcriptase? Thanks!
hematitecrow 4 months ago
@hematitecrow I hadn't thought of that before, interesting. I can't say for sure but it would seem so, since it's an enzyme that uses RNA to create DNA, which is pretty much the exact description of a reverse transcriptase. In my bio class we only talked about reverse transcriptase in retroviruses though, so I'm not sure if it is or not. Sorry, I didn't even answer your question. I just got really excited that I understood what you were talking about and why lol.
jendolmayan 3 months ago
@hematitecrow Not the whole telomerase, just a subunit of it has that ability. So, in the video, the part where the DNA template strand is elongated, that would be the protein/enzyme subunit of telomerase acting as a reverse transcriptase i.e. the enzyme subunit is transcribing it's single RNA strand into a single DNA strand. Hope that helps.
RobinahJ 3 months ago
@RobinahJ okay, thanks :)
hematitecrow 3 months ago
@hematitecrow my pleasure babe :)
RobinahJ 3 months ago
Hi! Ok just for more precision , In humans the Telomere repeat sequence is TTAGGG and thus the RNA template within Telomerase would be sequnced as AAUCCC.
michiyo1986 4 months ago
@michiyo1986 No the 'U' wudn be in it bcauz is a new DNA strand thats being formed and not RNA. kul (Y)
lovestuck4444 4 months ago
@lovestuck4444 He's referring to the RNA sequence inside the Telomerase enzyme. It has a AAUCCC sequence. The telomere is the DNA part that has 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeat seq. Right?
hematitecrow 4 months ago
better explanation that my professor or my $200 text book. THANK YOU.
127clem 4 months ago 2
Very helpful to see it explained like this!
GuoBia 4 months ago
Even if you already understand it, this will make you never forget it anymore!
Colamus 4 months ago
why do professors suck so much!!!!!!??????
31reggiemiller1 5 months ago
great video
reyhaneh2009 5 months ago
thankgod my prof decided to show it in class rather than trying to explain in still pictures...things are just so much better in motion
skpamnani 5 months ago 22
duh
dumbhotguy 5 months ago
Thanks heaps, so useful, finally get it :)
blackchristmastree 5 months ago
Believe it or not that video explained the main idea better than stryer's book!
Doppelgangergr 5 months ago
This concept for some reason always confused me. Thanks!
LordVader89 6 months ago
thx. This video make it easier to understand :)
gunkoalaz 6 months ago
saweet!
justinjdm 6 months ago
but this is not the case for somatic cells...
Vesania83 6 months ago
Umm I dont know alot about this but, how reliable is that enzyme i mean whats the chance of it not letting it do a mistake in %
Cuz no mutation is needed.
PanzarMetal 8 months ago
thanks
Sara9398 8 months ago
that make sense !!! OH YOUTUBE WITHOUT YOU HOW CAN I UNDERSTAND GENETIC ??
shatho1413 8 months ago
that make sense !!! OH YOUTUBE WITHOUT YOU HOW CAN I UNDERSTAND GENETIC ??
shatho1413 8 months ago
Computers run on binary code, using Boolean mathematics. Real life runs on Quaternary code using ________ mathematics. Once we get quaternary code (CGAT as opposed to 0,1) down to a T, we can program DNA to do exactly what we want. This telomere basically copies and pastes some lines of code and does some natural Quaternary arithmetic by the way I see it.
jnwpse 9 months ago
This has been flagged as spam show
Really good video. Thanks
sensationfreak 9 months ago
Really good video. Thanks
sensationfreak 9 months ago
Good video. Damn book mentions this but gives a different picture!
senor47 9 months ago
doesnt telomer units consist of 'TTAGGG' and not 'TTGGGG' as shown in the video?
hellopanda27 9 months ago 2
@hellopanda27 this is not human telomere lol
kwastormayt 7 months ago
this was very helpful!
kbl0311 10 months ago
i would do her soo bad because of this video
amirsabb 10 months ago
why go to school when you can just youtube it?! :D
martina092092 10 months ago 43
@martina092092 Because unfortunately youtube won't give us a diploma :(
DrunkenPapa 2 months ago 4
Thank you. Simple but effective
iheartjmac 10 months ago
I have a question: Does a similar mechanism work at the 5' end of the leading strand? The replication of the leading strand also starts with a RNA-primer, which is removed after replication has started. So you would end up with a slightly shortened strand at that end.
CaymanSW 10 months ago
Great video!
Thank you.
luhamorah 11 months ago
Do any one have some good articles regarding this telomere? share it to us please.. thanks =)
strawberyjuice 11 months ago
Youtube is now officially a lecturer on my course
Scarface2392 11 months ago
Comment removed
Ayman019 1 year ago
great and helpful vid
CaptainObvious0000 1 year ago
Thank you!!!
Dancer3114 1 year ago
If this were so, and telomerase is active in all cells, cellular senescence wouldn't exist! The Hayflick limit wouldn't exist! DNA stops replicating after its telomeres have been completely eliminated through multiple rounds of replication (and thus the cell w/ out telomeres can no longer divide.) Cuz telomerase activity has definitely been linked with uncontrolled cell division and metastisis!!!!
1092jniufvhorh 1 year ago
But this isn't accurate, though, is it? From what I understand, the genes for telomerase only are expressed (and thus telomerase only exists) in stem cells and cancer cells. This video makes it sound like telomerase is active in every cell, and that it is normal for the telomeres to be lengthened after every DNA replication.
1092jniufvhorh 1 year ago
@1092jniufvhorh I think that telomeraseactually is active in all cells, but it's 10-20 times more active in cancer cells which is why they are able to spread with ease as they are not 'breaking down' as fast.
Bowlesy13 1 year ago
@Bowlesy13 Can you link me to an article that shows telomerase activity in all cells?
Azel247 1 year ago
@Azel247 On your channel Mate
Bowlesy13 1 year ago
omg thank you so much for that video, i now have understood this part for my finals next week!!!
jopreaa 1 year ago
if the parent strand was extended, don't you still have the same problem as before, namely, that Pol alpha still doesn't have a 3' OH to work with when completing the 5' end of the new strand?
cubixguy77 1 year ago
@cubixguy77 Yea, that is true, but the telomere section is a lot longer than what they showed on the video. So while it would shorten at every replication, because the telomere section is useless, we don't lose any valuable parts. They say with aging, our telomeres get shorter and this might be one of of the reasons for making bad proteins due to the gene section getting cut off. Hope that helps.
kiwinuker 1 year ago
Comment removed
fourlovesblogger 1 year ago
Almost totally correct. except that you can't just start the rna primer at the 5' end, so the lengthened 3' end actually bends around to the other side to beable to rna prime. I was wishing the video would've shown this. :( Thanks for posting though, still quite helpful!
fourlovesblogger 1 year ago
SO HELPFUL!!
sumadre101 1 year ago
perfect!!!!
thank
000astha 1 year ago
TTAGGG is the sequence in humans however the TTGGGG is the sequence shown is from tetrahymena the organism which most of the telomerase studies are performed on.
Raston9 1 year ago
thanks
Jnes01 1 year ago
THANKS!!!
lemongan 1 year ago
awesome
nalesnikk 1 year ago
If you can help me you must be good Thanks : )
MegaNinjaNick 1 year ago
Eureka !
elCytrone 1 year ago
일미 시험 잘봐라
cjaywithhee 1 year ago
thanks you very much
Abedallh1 1 year ago
am i wrong or does this end-replication problem exist for the beginning of the leading strand too where a RNA primer would also be needed to initiate replication?
DeadHelena 1 year ago
@DeadHelena no, because replication is initiated in the middle of the DNA molecule, and proceeds out toward the ends in opposite directions
cubixguy77 1 year ago
Comment removed
Rahouma333 1 year ago
@cubixguy77
I had the same thought as DeadHelena. Thanx for clarifying that .
Rahouma333 1 year ago
This has been flagged as spam show
@cubixguy77 I had the same thought as DeadHelena. Thanx for clarifying that
Rahouma333 1 year ago
@cubixguy77 Replication starts at many different spots along a Dna strand not the middle. Only in Prokaryotes does it start in one spot, but they have circular Dna anyway.
runnerdude1990 1 year ago
thanks
moazamkhan 1 year ago
thank u for posting this video
blatte2008 1 year ago
Hvala puno! Thank you so much
pecostreber 1 year ago
This has been flagged as spam show
Thank you so much! I couldn't find the simple answer to "how is telomere replicated," even in my General Genetics textbook! Stupid publishers.
Tareq88 1 year ago
Thank you so much! I couldn't find the simple answer to "how is telomer replicated," even in my General Genetics textbook! Stupid publishers.
Tareq88 1 year ago
Comment removed
Tareq88 1 year ago
This is fabulous!
Ksarik65 1 year ago
what about at the 3' end of the 3'-->5' parent strand? isnt an RNA primer used at that end as well? how is that converted to dna? or is there a telomere there too?
tonych0ppakun 1 year ago
Thank you very much for this video!
Adhy2410 1 year ago
:D love it!
xoeltz 1 year ago
Oh thank God. This video accomplished in 2 mins what all my prof's couldn't accomplish in hours.
FudgeStain 1 year ago 83
@FudgeStain Youtube saves everything haha
giggyjuju 1 year ago
@FudgeStain exactly wow thank God for the uploader
blessedvona 1 year ago
thank you!!! i unerstand now!!! ;)
giuli89j 1 year ago
what. x,x
hemel2voor 1 year ago
I get it nowwwwww!!! awesome vid!
3waystriped 1 year ago
thaaank you so much
bluebirdHH 1 year ago
Thank so much for this video! Reading the book didn't make sense. = )
redfirefox23 1 year ago 20
Great vid
fbxcore 1 year ago
loved the videoo .. helped me a lot during revision !!
DrAlo0ona 1 year ago
ooooh, i get it now
jesca215 1 year ago
i hate to say this but to be honest i still don't understand. at 0:29 why can't the dna primase add the rna primer. and from that OH group, allow dna polymerase 3 to bind and extend to form the complete strand just like 1:47? please help thanks.
Catchetat 1 year ago
at 0:37 why can't dna pol 3 bind to continue it?
Catchetat 1 year ago
@Catchetat the purpose of the primer is to make an indication and "tell" the nucleotides to start binding there. Without the primers, the nucleotides would not know where to start binding.
An analogy would be like this: you're given a stack of paper to photocopy. The person says he already photocopied some of the pages. You won't know where to start again unless he puts a note or make a mark to tell you where you should pick up from where he left off.
kitcatwin 1 year ago
@kitcatwin yes i get that but if you see 0:45 and 1:45 is essentially the same... the gap is just lengthened.
Catchetat 1 year ago
This video was a great help!
Will403536 1 year ago
Very clear!!
happywallflower 1 year ago
AWESOME!!!!!!
samiiiixxxx 1 year ago
But that leaves the other new DNA on the bottom shorter than the one on the top.
Right?
DeepCrimson 1 year ago
Biology should totally be a visualized course with tons of simple and amazing videos like this. Otherwise, you just don't get it even you read the book for 1000 times!
harrison28514 1 year ago 3
Excellent animation!
penguinshoess 1 year ago
Fantastic Job
DrSpence1 1 year ago
The good and bad of protecting teleomeres:
Good: May help with aging, and may live longer
Bad: Would destroy the self destruct mechanism in cancer cells, thus may increases risk of cancer.
imanerd36 1 year ago
Comment removed
MaceWright 1 year ago
This has been flagged as spam show
Do you want a healthy antenna? The answer is, "Yes!". When all segments of the DNA are vibrating in accord they are stable and cohesive. Cells are then healthy, as long as they receive adequate vitamin and mineral deposits. Increased oxygen flow should result from the salubrious effects of telomerase.
MaceWright 1 year ago
Comment removed
MaceWright 1 year ago
Comment removed
MaceWright 1 year ago
This has been flagged as spam show
Thus, aging results due to a disconnect with electromagnetic energies, especially sunlight. When the Antennae are damaged not as much energy is transmitted along the DNA, and the damaged antennae are not able to facilitate the process of absorbing electromagnetic frequencies. This is what causes the degradation. People who are younger generally have a stronger link to electromagnetic energies in their bodies....
MaceWright 1 year ago
This has been flagged as spam show
I have a speculation,that the telomeres are a form of antenna that pick up electromagnetic energy from various sources and help to distribute that energy along the DNA.The electromagnetic energies help to maintain a robust DNA structure.When the antenna begins to degrade, the entire DNA construct begins to decay. The electromagnetsim is connected to the DNA at the subatomic level. One primary source of electromagnetic energy is from SUNLIGHT, and this is one of the great sustainers of life
MaceWright 1 year ago
LOVED IT THANK YOU *THUMBS UP*
DanielQazi777 1 year ago
wow thanks for the vid
made it so much clearer :)
thanks again
AnimaticallyInsane 1 year ago
thx. helped me lot
kittithapa 1 year ago
This has been flagged as spam show
If you want to envision how the antennae work, consider a TV set--- if the antenna is functioning properly it receives radio signals efficiently. If the antenna is damaged, reception will be reduced, if the atenna is broken, the TV will not have reception at all....
Evidence of the positive effect of sunlight on DNA is found in the reproductive cells; sunlight stimulates fertility. If the cells did not age and received regular doses of sunlight it would have a very positive impact.
MaceWright 2 years ago
This has been flagged as spam show
Do you want a healthy antenna? The answer is, "Yes!". When all segments of the DNA are vibrating in accord they are stable and cohesive. Cells are then healthy, as long as they receive adequate vitamin and mineral deposits. Increased oxygen flow should result from the salubrious effects of telomerase.
MaceWright 2 years ago
This has been flagged as spam show
Thus, aging results due to a disconnect with electromagnetic energies, especially sunlight. When the Antennae are damaged not as much energy is transmitted along the DNA, and the damaged antennae are not able to facilitate the process of absorbing electromagnetic frequencies. This is what causes the degradation. People who are younger generally have a stronger link to electromagnetic energies in their bodies....
MaceWright 2 years ago
This has been flagged as spam show
I have a speculation,that the telomeres are a form of antenna that pick up electromagnetic energy from various sources and help to distribute that energy along the DNA. The electromagnetic energies help to maintain a robust DNA structure.When the antenna begins to degrade, the entire DNA construct begins to decay. The electromagnetsim is connected to the DNA at the subatomic level.One primary source of electromagnetic energy is from SUNLIGHT,and this is one of the great sustainers of life.
MaceWright 2 years ago
THANK YOU SO MUCH I WAS SO CONFUSED,
selakkad 2 years ago
this is amazing... thanks so very much..
javadazvancity 2 years ago
I have a question, cansomeone answer me please? Is telomerase enzyme active in all cells?thank you
vanessaleb 2 years ago
No its only active germ cells, stem cells and certain immunological cells forgot which ones tho
svolich 2 years ago
Thank you so much for your kind reply. It was very helpful.
vanessaleb 1 year ago
As far as i know it is active in germ cells (sex cells) and i believe the thymus gland if i remember correctly where certain stem cells exist. All cells have a recessive phenotype for telomerase production, just switched off, the problem is when normal cells go through a bad mutation which can turn it on, then it can make it immortal, this is what causes cancer. Hope it helped a bit.
01101100d 1 year ago
@01101100d thank you so much! Neithe rmy bio teacher nor this annoyingly basic and uninformative video were abloe to make that clear to me! Your explanation is clear and informative =)
1092jniufvhorh 1 year ago
yay! i understand much better w this video..thank you so much! now im off to my first molecular biology test of the semester....and i feel a lil better about it =D
TheNauticalpfan2 2 years ago
Wow, endlich gecheckt. Danke!
isibiesi89 2 years ago
not TTAGGG?
I read that telomer has 2000folds sequence of TTAGGG.
honz0 2 years ago
TTAGGG is specific to humans. The conserved sequence may vary between species.
jcody10 2 years ago
To answer slimsephy's question, because in normal cells the enzyme telomerase is inactive. The consequences of that you can think for yourself. In some cancer cells this enzyme is reactivated by yet unknown means. Thats partly why they can divide indefinitely
shelovedmenot 2 years ago 2
I...kind of get it... O.o
tienshinhane 2 years ago
Very helpful video! Bio teacher wasn't clear about why lagging strand becomes short and so the resulting need for Telomerase.
ethoopster 2 years ago
So why do the ends of telomeres get shorter?
slimsephy 2 years ago
Telomeres get shorter only in somatic cells. Take a look at your germline cells and you'll notice that the telomeres are longer. I believe that this is because telomerase is strongly expressed in germline cells while not in somatic cells.
bhintze90 2 years ago 2
And I swear that the RNA primer is left on the leading strand since it DNA synthesis towards the replication fork from the 3' end of the template strand. After DNA polymerase I removes the RNA primer on the end of the leading strand, there is no properly paired base before the end (no 3' on leading strand to continue from) to allow for the synthesis of DNA by DNA polymerase I.
cdnbrownie 2 years ago
This video doesn't make sense. doesn't DNA polymerase III read the template strand from 3'-5'? So if the replication fork is to the left of the ends (as it should be) the leading strand would be replicated off of the upper template strand. Also, wouldn't the lagging strand synthesize DNA all the way to the end, away from the replication fork, since there is the 3' end from the RNA primer to start from?
cdnbrownie 2 years ago
One question, what about the rna primer on the leading strand????? i don't understand how is replaced.........thanks
lainonet 2 years ago
The replication origin is not at the end of the DNA, and synthesis occurs bidirectionally from that origin. So the primer on the leading strand is replaced by synthesis from the 3'OH of the lagging strand that extended from the other side of the replication origin.
develind 2 years ago
This has been flagged as spam show
The diagrams! They make sense now!
unassumption 2 years ago
Isn't the six-nucleotide sequence TTAGGG?
Puddy88 2 years ago 25
yup
AxemmanCHR 2 years ago
Haha! Nice catch! ;(
Thymonico 2 years ago
Ooops, wrong smiley... XD
Thymonico 2 years ago
Yes
esotericfilms 2 years ago
Yes, but only with vertebrates. There are several variations of the telomeric repetition sequence. The TTGGGG-ending is the one of ciliates.
Puma5 2 years ago
It is in the human genome, but this is probably of Tetrahymena, which has a different telomere
sequence. The mechanism is the same for most organisms, but the sequence varies.
Nickvandoorn 2 years ago
Alright. Got it, thank you. Good video though.
Puddy88 2 years ago
In the human genome :)
dan314159 2 years ago
@Puddy88 It is not always the case, there are some exceptions. But for all intents and purposes (tests pretty much) TTAGGG is the repeating sequence
karthikstudios 1 year ago
@Puddy88 .....Yes, in humans it is. This example is correct for tetrahymena, and other simple euks.
metallicanna417 1 year ago
Comment removed
devendusv 1 year ago
This has been flagged as spam show
@devendusv It can beTTAGGG, but not always because in case of Paramecium, the sequence is TTGGGG. Couldn't the author show the case of Paramecium? Look at wikipedia, there are sequences having repeats TTGGGG and TTAGGG etc.
devendusv 1 year ago