The Weak and Strong Nuclear Forces (9 of 15)

[craigz06]

so that's what the strong force is, thanks

[thedeadlystoat]

I just came here to listen to Dr. Brian Cox saying the word 'atom'.

[sbergman27]

This is why I keep watching science videos. I've studied a lot of physics, but was unaware that the weak nuclear force was involved in nuclear fusion. Between now and the next video, I will maintain an attitude of scientific skepticism. I expect that the next video will probably provide the necessary evidence to overcome that.

[TrampVamp]

Lol Professor Cox workin out in the gym, breakin a mental sweat

[Tr4newreck]

what happened to his show... wonders of the universe...

[omgthatscrazyx]

That guy looks so out of place in the gym lol

[BPMa14n]

Is there any theory wich states that every atom is a black hole -ish vortex and that the proton and neutron are held together by the strong force actually being similar to a vortex force negatively charged. Also the electron dowsnt go in the center because the vortex is negatively charged but stiull the protons in the middle atract it enough to orbit it?

[clen179]

0:18



[clen179]

2:22



[fenrirgreyback101]

hehehe nerd wars

[WhitePeppah]

and further, Jesus Christ dude, is all the fun gone out of your life? I mean, am I sullying the waters of theoretical physics by suggesting gravity plays another pivotal role in the EM spectrum and not outside of it? You know why I think the way I do? it's a wild guess. Yes that's right. A hypothesis, in the midst of strong particle theory! what nerve!

Dude, just Imagine like Lennon said a while back.

Plus, if Gravity is a wave like anything else, the possibilities of tech are mind boggling.

[WhitePeppah]

Plus, what do we know about all the properties of the strong and weak nuclear forces? It's mostly theories, right? Particle acceleration will show us all how this stuff really works together and how gravity binds it all together on the macro and micro scale. But hey, I'm just guessin.

[WhitePeppah]

What's the answer as to why the strong force may not be gravity related? I know it seems far out, but once we can detect gravity waves, this may explain why this strong force behaves as it does. Gravity is the force that allow the planets to form from star debris and gases and revolve around a star in orbit. Now imagine infinite space and the galaxy we live in all pulled by gravity in one of its spiral arms around the center. Isn't the subatomic arena subject to the same forces as cosmically? 

[weicek37]

@WhitePeppah Because gravity is horrifically weak. If you know the equation F=GM1M2/r^2, you'd see that the force between two such small particles is so minute when compared to the electrostatic force. Therefore, gravity cannot overcome the electrostatic force at a sub atomic level, and hence, is not related to the strong nuclear force. At this point in time... Let's not get into grand unified theories..

[WhitePeppah]

@weicek37 Consider that you're only measuring gravity within our relative perception, not subatomic, where everything seems to behave in a different ballgame. But are we considering all the subatomic forces at work? at this point we don't really know. Once we determine how gravity works within reality, we'll see it. You actually think it may be gravitons or something? doesn't fit so tight within what we know about the EM spectrum. Why not consider Unified theory? I'm just a layman but still

[weicek37]

Gravity is determined by mass and density (I refer to density for space time curvature). Currently accepted theories only consider the four fundamental forces, that is, the strong, weak, gravity and electrostatic. This has been researched fairly thoroughly.

The grand unified theories suggested at the beginning of time and space, the four forces I've just referred to, were unified. It's been suggested they've since deviated from each other. Read Michio Kaku's 'Parallel Worlds' for more info

[WhitePeppah]

@weicek37 Even so, does that really rule out gravity? Our collected scientific conclusions have yet to come to a conclusion no matter how you keep spinning this. Rest assured my friend, you no doubt understand physics and reality, but do you completely understand this? I'm just saying this strong nuclear force is theorized where it gets its oomph, not all fact, you're too worried about how the bricks stack, I've seen and read Kaku's stuff. He at least allows for debate without further evidence

[weicek37]

@WhitePeppah Also, the EM spectrum is essentially the frequency range of the Electrostatic force. It isn't related to the gravitational force.

[WhitePeppah]

@weicek37 Without doubt, the internet is for arguing points and counterpoints and nothing else.

Just bear with me, you can't say simply that they aren't related. Just ask what are the remaining mysteries about gravity. We can't directly measure it. Why? What's the deal? Graviton's? Show me the gravitons! They aren't showing up in CERN's experiments yet. I'm not selling a radical idea here, there's still so much more we have to learn about time and space. But you say you KNOW the 4 forces, so...

[weicek37]

@WhitePeppah I'm not trying to come across as hostile. Sorry.

There have recently been gravity wave detectors launched out into our galaxy and are currently proving Einstein's General Relativity with experimental data. CERN is still a little bit away from it's bigger experiments with the LHC, I think they'll provide the definitive answer.

There are several theories that attempt to explain the force carrying graviton, and unify the forces... String theories will provide the ultimate explanation

[WhitePeppah]

@weicek37 I apologize too, didn't mean to come off as hostile and too defensive. But tell me, what leads you to gravitons? Anything in particular? What evidence leads to them? just curious. Too bad it's not so easily defined yet, but my natural inclination leads me to the possibility that gravity, like everything else, is a low frequency wave that we can't detect easily, but if we have a stable, heavy enough element to observe, the wave comprised of the strong nuclear force will be identified.

[jchino723]

the outer is the source not theinner just trust me. factor that in for everything and it all makes sense. think about it. think the universe like a hologram a human would look out and be blinded by the outer wall and the sun would help light things around us my girl is deaf and if i stand in front of the sun shhe cant see my lips so think the original light source as the darkness of space we need stars to see around us like a hologram we are blinded by the spotlight that created us

[bigmangiff]

so does the strong nuclear force change into mass?

[weicek37]

@bigmangiff E=mc^2, mass is energy, energy is mass. The binding energy per nucleon change in a nuclear reaction, known as the mass defect, is what causes such great releases of energy in an atomic bomb.

[bigmangiff]

@weicek37 oh right okay, so that's why in fusion there is a greater amount of energy realesed, due to the fact that elements have a greater binding energy as they get bigger ( closer to iron) and when they get so big like uranium, they have a lower binding energy and so when fission occurs they move closer to iron again and release energy, but not as much as fusion?

[optionsnone]

Could it not be possible that protons and neutrons don't sit side by side but are concentric ? No need for strong force.

Week force - compton effect, photons that hit nucleus knocking beta particles out ?

[toniroxxxxx]

Brian doesn't feel comfortable in a gym... :D

[NScott45]

2000 years = ridiculously brief period of time

5-6% of observble universe = an unconceivably large portion of our world

[jinxedmodder]

bee-ta radiation.

:)

[Geodynamo1939]

@jinxedmodder I wonder what the geography is of the pronunciation "bee-ta". Rutherford used this pronunciation too. English? British? Welsh, too? Irish, we know. Rutherford was a New Zealander of Scots parents.

[weicek37]

@Geodynamo1939 I believe all British descendent nations (except America) pronounce it that way.

[LemonStamp]

0.46 The Strong Force is definitely gonna be that guys wrestling name.

[Spartanboy3000]

That dude didn't have the force.

[EWHiggs]

I got a blank screen!

[socratus1]

Can such heretical atom exist in the nature ? Atom : Electron & Proton Pauli wrote in 1924 : Each quantum state in the atom is not limited

of two electrons, but only of one electron

It means in the atom can be only one single electron

The electron manages the atom

If the atom contains more than one electron

(for example two) this atom represents Siamese twins Save us God of having many electrons in the atoms and cells

[sidewaysfcs0718]

u are fucking retarded

pauli says u cant have more than 1 electron with the same state per orbital

atoms have more electrons ....only hidrogen has 1 ...helium has 2 ....carbon has 8 ....

[emprementhristry]

beta radiation

[ForgetCopyright]

what did he say at 2:14? Beater Radiation?

[FusilliJerry89]

Beta

[loven2run]

pool table with painted sphere's is good example.

[loven2run]

as speed of an object increases...  impact approaches....

[nurbsenvi]

So it took us nearly 2000 years to understand 5~6% of the observable world...

[TheMaskTV]

I think it took SOME people that long, others have had great knowledge for long periods of time, its just been ignored.

[sidewaysfcs0718]

pretty much ....

[Bultish]

@nurbsenvi

lucky us younglings the "learning"scale is not linear

[rspawn]

@nurbsenvi

We had a hiatus in the progress of science during the 1000 year reign of the Roman-Catholic Church. Imagine where science could have been now.

[cadian101st]

@nurbsenvi Actualy 200,000

[stevenreid1990]

@nurbsenvi Where do you get 2000 years? As far as I know humans have been around far longer than that!

[yoyaya007]

@nurbsenvi more way more

[TheKkronic420]

@nurbsenvi due to the obstruction imposed by the theologians.

[stevenreid1990]

@nurbsenvi Considering the vastness of the universe I think that is a pretty outstanding feat!

[Kaeralho]

@nurbsenvi yeah but don't forget we've been 200 years free from slavery of religion that lasted more than a millenium

[amixer24]

@nurbsenvi yes how is that wierd when our world is this complicated and people as a whole are fucking retarded because they dont apply themselves to shit.

[amixer24]

@nurbsenvi so basically your just retarded for that comment and the fact that people liked it only proves my point

[nurbsenvi]

@amixer24 you are* not your. Yeah that proves your point again.

[amixer24]

@nurbsenvi lol commenting on my grammar on a youtube forum you sure got me. your still retarded from your first comment so please kill yourself

[naruto2710]

@nurbsenvi but most of that was understood from about newton's time. so about 400 yrs

[MrDgaf12345]

@nurbsenvi no, more like it took the universe 13.7 billion years to understand 5-6% of itself if we are the first

[EarosioN]

@MrDgaf12345 we havent existed for even 0.1% of that time

[TheMaskTV]

I still believe that the atom can be split. Crazy i know but i reckon scientists in army labs around the world have discovered many things but keep them from others so they can advance in warfare.

[Neutrinoghost]

@ TheMaskTV, what exaclty do you mean? The atom has already been split!!!

[TheMaskTV]

I mean in terms of further than bosons and leptons. Surely charge is made of something. I think it keeps going further and further until there is too much for us to understand.

[Neutrinoghost]

Charge is made of virtual photons (bosons) which transmit the force of electromagnetism.

[TheMaskTV]

@Neutrinoghost But what are they made out of? I think it keeps going until it gets too much for us.

[Neutrinoghost]

@TheMaskTV

The standard model is thus:

Molecule->atom->proton->U & D Quarks

Molecule->atom->Neutron->U & D Quarks

Molecule->atom->electon

The electrons and quarks are leptons and are classed as elementary particles as they cannot be broken down any further, and there is no evidence to suggest that they should. String theory may be the answer, but all particles are limited to the Plank scale anyway, at least in our 3 spacial dimensions.

[TheMaskTV]

Yes, but this is what scientists said about the atom, it can not be broken down, and then about the atomic particles and now about quarks and leptons. Just wait 50 or so years. Some thing else will pop up.

[Neutrinoghost]

There is no reason to suggest this. Quantum mechanics predicted most of the particles we now know, which is why particle accelerators were built to find them. It's one of the main reasons that the LHC was built to search for the Higgs Boson that is predicted by the theory. The same theory does not predict that any other particle should exist beyond the Quark/electron/neutrino etc Given how much is known, I am inclined to believe that there is nothing smaller.

[TheMaskTV]

hmmm, just a feeling.

[sidewaysfcs0718]

quarks arent leptons

only electrons are leptons ..

quarks are simply fermions or ordinary matter ...

the 6 quarks + 6 leptons (electron, muon, tau, and 3 neutrinos) + 4 boson groups , photons, W Z and gluons.

thats the standard model

[Neutrinoghost]

@sidewaysfcs0718 Yes you are correct, I dont even remeber writing that but maybe I was drunk, thanks again.

[sidewaysfcs0718]

a simple answer is

we dont know ..

we dont really know what fundamental particles are made of ...we think their strings ...wich are the same thing that space itself is made of ...or in string theory their called "branes" ...and branes can come in any dimension from 0 to 11 ....and all branes and strings emit gravitons...

now what are all of theese made from ...fluctuations of energy ..whats that made of? we dont know ...its made from ...nothing:D

[TheMaskTV]

@sidewaysfcs0718 Lol, i love the way you think, thats exactly how i think.

This is what i mean, it will just keep on going 'until the end of time' lool.

[4me2cclearly]

@sidewaysfcs0718

Sounds about right up untill the part about, it's made from nothing.

I don't even think we know that. Do we?

And who is the we anyway? lol

[iamaloserandisuck]

What about hydrogen? Since it has only one proton it wouldn't explode if it weren't for the strong force right?

[D0g63rt]

The quarks inside might not be inclined to stick around.

[nyaamann]

Quite true, but that is the one exception. Still doesn't explain all the other elements.

[Neutrinoghost]

@ iamaloserandisuck In a Hydrogen atom the strong force is only responsible for keeping the quakrs together inside of the proton, it's the electromagnetic force that keeps the electrons in orbit about the proton. As there is only one proton, there is no repulsion.

[sinwow33]

I have went back over some old university notes and from what I can gather a gamma ray is not emitted during electron capture.

The equation is:

proton + electron ----> neutron and electron neutrino.

If it happens in a nucleus then a photon will also be emitted when the excited atom moves to the ground state. However, it is not a gamma ray but an x-ray that is emitted.

[AradynnNyzon]

The x-ray that's emitted is the result of a higher shell electron falling into the lower energy state of the captured electron. I think that's how you tell the difference between beta-plus and electron capture.

[sinwow33]

so just a high energy photon then.

[sinwow33]

Thanks SZalewski, I knew there was something not right with my thinking here as it would go against E=mc^2. I now understand how a proton becomes a neutron.

mass of proton + mass of electron > mass of neutron. I would assume that some of the mass is converted to kinetic energy of the products of this electron capture then? Would I be correct in thinking this?

[ModmanGlest]

Yes and no.

The extra energy is actually converted into a gamma ray.

[jamesstone123]

not a gamma ray. Photons. Photons are given the greek letter "gamma", but Gamma rays as we know them are any photon within a certain frequency range.

Think of how a fluorescent light works - using mercury to create UV rays, Phosphor coating to convert the UV into visible light which exits the bulb.

UV and visible light are all photons - all electromagnetic waves are photons of a certain frequency, but we think of them as both particle and wave depending on the use - wave-particle duality

[sinwow33]

Here is something that puzzles me. If E = mc^2 and mass and energy are interchangable then how can protons decay into neatrons? A neutron weighs more than the proton so where does the extra energy come from to make the extra mass?

[sloppyjoes]

A positron (antielectron) and a neutrino is made when a pronto turns into a neutron.

A neutrino has a nonzero mass and has no charge.

The positron conserves the charge of the proton.

[sinwow33]

sloppjoes what you have described is conservation of charge. What I am talking about is the mass.

I know that it is possible for a proton to become a neutron but I find this hard to accept because the mass of a neutron is greater than the mass of the proton. Thererfore it has to get the energy/mass from somewhere. So where does the energy/mass come from?

[SZalewski]

A proton cannot decay into a neutron, but it can "capture" an electron, when it then turns into a neutron and a neutrino. Neutrons do decay though, into a proton, electron, and antineutrino.

[jamesstone123]

a neutron weighs the same as a proton.

and protons dont decay into neutrons - its impossible

the theory of proton decay predicts that it would form a neutral pion (the majority of the mass) and a positron (the charge). Even this is only a theory for now though.

A proton won't decay because it is the most stable particle of all. Neutrons decay easily when they are released as Beta decay from a heavy nuclii

[sinwow33]

The mass of the proton is not the same as the mass of the neutron. Neotrons have a slighlty higher mass than the proton.

You are also wrong saying that protons do not decay as all particles decay unless they are fundamental particles.

[jamesstone123]

look up "proton decay"

it is a "theoretical decay process". and as far as i am aware it has never been conducted in any lab. and if it has its a worthless experiment anyway.

a proton decaying would not decay into a neutron and positron - mass would not be conserved. It decays into a pion and a positron

[sinwow33]

In Beta decay the electrons come from the nucleus.

For example:

Neutron ---> proton + electron + antineutrino

Here the neutron changes to a proton and an electron and antineutrino are emitted from the nucleus. You need the electron to ensure conservation of charge as a down quark is converted to an up quark.

[sinwow33]

They did not make dark matter up. It is just a name for mass we cannot see. This arose from observations, they predicted speed of spinning planets and such in space going on the matter they could observe. When they calculated the speed of rotation they see that it spun faster than they predicted which concluded there was more mass there than we could see. Regarding singularities, it is just a science cop out that decribes a time and place in space that we knoe nothing about.

[TheRealDom]

Someone help me out on this one:

Cox says the neutron is converted to a proton, and electrons and positrons are emitted? Isn't it just electons and electron-antineutrinos? Why would it be positrons and electrons- I don't think there is any pair production in beta decay.

[TheRealDom]

Disregard that, a simple google search sufficed. I'm a dumbass :P

[9unner22]

666GOREGRINDER666, you're gullible.

[9unner22]

Strong Force = Gravity = Electromagnetism.

There is no strong force, it's gravity of the singularity. They made it up, just like 'Dark Matter'.

You'll see.......

[666GOREGRINDER666]

you're dumb

[acquiesce022]

Hmmm, okay, though I'm not convinced, define it either mathematically or describe it (and NO scifi exerpts!!!!).

[demolishmentor7]

'Hey look, I'm cool, because there's math and physicists a lot smarter than me's approval behind these statements, but I'm going to be all philosophical and shit'

^

[philsaspiezone]

We do not fall off Earth because of gravity and since we have mass gravity is coupled to mass so everything that has mass is attracted to other massive objects including people to planets that being Earth in our case. Other scientific theories and discoveries will come in time with a rational logical conclusion that does not appeal to any intelligence will come in time.

[philsaspiezone]

For a mention of God I think that it would be at the scales of the planck time and space and involving parallel universes or multiple dimensions. Coloured gluons are what 'sticks'

protons and neutrons together 2 up quarks and a down quark make a proton. Neutrons on the other hand are made of 2 down quarks and an up quark.

Science involves all the how answers. Faith deals with all the why answers and would point to God writing the laws of physics.

[Andylocksigma]

"Science involves all the how answers. Faith deals with all the why answers and would point to God writing the laws of physics."

Assuming there is a why question!

And actually science does answer why questions. Why does the sun rise in the sky in the morning? Why don't we fall off the Earth? Before we knew these whys people would say its because of God or Gods.

Give it time and we will know the whys you refer to.

[philsaspiezone]

The strong force being the strongest and carried by coloured gluons whilst the weak being the second weakest coupled to W+, W- and Z0 bosons

[Kirkwhisper]

Strong Nuclear Force = God's power.

"For by him all things consist(are held together)" Colossians 1:17.

[foolycly]

You must be new to science Ehh? : \

[AdventureStudying]

If you don't think that you can be able to see such a virus. Then it must be where you haven't looked. Even so, if you still can't see it, then why not place a beacon(a substance that will bond to the glycoprotein molecules)on the glycoproteins of the virus. I wish I knew someone with some C++ skills that I can trust to work on a project with concerning this issue so we can engineer something that will do exactly what I am talking about. Viruses are like nagging stickers that need to be plucked.

[AdventureStudying]

It's interesting that you have this gigillion dollar project going to find the Higgs, you have a real practicle way of spotting where the herpes virus is along the sancral ganglion with the PET scanner so you can practically cure 50 million people in the united States and the countless numbers around the world from such an ailment. I can't wait to see some of these pharmaceutical companies go the way of the devil.

[facelesspunk]

I'm not sure i understand... would anyone mind writting me and explaining where these emited elctrons come from...

[RJL738]

If it were not for the Strong Force and maybe a few other forces, quarks themselves would probibly move from each other or at least not bind very well.

[watchman241]

Also, he could reference the people who discovered the things hes talking about and he could show pictures of the men who discovered the things. Instead there are just people who have contributed very very little. When he says we, he means the human race and in the 1930-1960s he wasnt even born. Hes just one doctor out of a million.

[watchman241]

I dont like him(its not personal, something says hes gay and too young and he doesnt have a beard or bald head and hes not grey). Id much rather be watching someone who looks like Einstein, or Galileo. I guess im shallow but then so are most people.

[TheReasonWhyGuy]

true, you are shallow, but most people being shallow doesn't give an excuse for it.

Ps I up thumbed your comment.

[foolycly]

TheReasonWhyGuy, Thumbs down to you for thumbs upping his comment. >.>